U NIFICATION & THE C REATION OF THE N ATION S TATE Chapter 19, Section 3

I. D EMISE OF THE C ONCERT OF E UROPE review – role of nationalism & liberalism in the Revolutions of 1848 the Ottoman Empire – the “sick man of Europe” had difficulty controlling all of its territories, especially in the Balkans Russia wanted land in the Balkans, including access to the Dardanelles

the Crimean War ( ) resulted from this struggle for territory alliances Great Britain/France/Ottomans vs. Russia damage to balance of power in Europe result? destruction of the Concert of Europe due to the formation of new alliances

II. R EVIEW - U NIFICATION Italy map, p. 597 Piedmont Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Lombardy Venetia Rome King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppe Garibaldi & the Red Shirts Germany map, p. 598 Austria Prussia Frankfurt Otto von Bismarck – German prime minister realpolitik – politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics Germany created in January 1871 led by Kaiser William I of Prussia

III. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM – G REAT B RITAIN avoided upheavals of mid- 19 th century Industrial Rev. had increased wages & jobs voting – given to the industrial middle class reign of Queen Victoria (r ) stability Victorian Age Parliament passed the British North America Act (1867), which created Canada as a nation with its own constitution still part of British Commonwealth

IV. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM - F RANCE after the Revolution of 1848, Louis-Napoleon wanted to restore the empire granted in a plebiscite (popular vote) – created the Second Empire Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III, Emperor of France large infrastructure projects rebuilt city of Paris Second Empire fell after defeat in Franco- Prussian War (1870)

V. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM – A USTRIAN E MPIRE multinational empire Rev. of 1848 & nationalism? Compromise of 1867 created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary 2 capitals Vienna (Austria) Budapest (Hungary) one monarch – Francis Joseph dissatisfaction among other ethnic groups in the new empire

VI. N ATIONALISM & R EFORM - R USSIA Romanov dynasty Russia was “behind” the rest of Europe divine right of monarchs serfdom agricultural rather than industrial Czar Alexander II made reforms 1861 – emancipated the serfs gave land to peasants assassinated in 1881, in part because of his reforms