Introduction to Film Studies Mise-en-scène

Photography: Tonality TINTING - Already developed positive film is immersed in dye. Lighter areas pick up the colour while darker ones remain black and gray. In Abel Gance’s J’accuse! (1919) the image was tinted in pink. J’Accuse J’Accuse

Photography: Tonality TONING – when dye is added during the developing of the positive print, the darker areas of the frame are coloured and the brighter portions remain white or only faintly coloured. Veá Chytilová’s Daisies Night Club Night Club

Photography: Tonality Hand colouring – Portions of black-and-white images are painted in colours, frame by frame. The ship’s flat in Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin is hand coloured red. Red flag Red flag

Each frame painstakingly hand coloured in George Méliès A Trip to the Moon colour version colour version

Photography: Tonality Manipulations of tonalities Stan Brakhage scratches off the emulsion in certain parts of the image for creating a graphic design. Chinese series Chinese series

Photography: Tonality Tonality is the most crucially determined by exposure. Overexposure (too much light admitted through the lens) make the image too bright and underexposure (little light) make the image too dark. Carl Dreyer overexposes the windows to create a religious atmosphere in Ordet. Funeral Funeral

Photography: Tonality The area in the strong sunshine is slightly over- exposed, while the areas in shadows are shot in right exposure. Francesco Rosi’s Salvatore Giuliano.

Photography: Tonality Women in the foreground shot in right-exposure, but the sun-lit town in the background is overexposed. Inside the house a woman is underexposed, while the countryside in the background well-exposed.

Photography: Tonality Filter – a slice of glass or gelatin placed in front of the lens reduces certain frequencies of light reaching the film. Day for Night – A filter can block out part of the light and make footage shot in daylight seem to be shot at night.

George Stevens, Shane

Perspective Relations: Lens Types of camera lenses determined by their focal length – distance between the centre of the lens to the point where light rays converge on the film mm – normal lens; under 35mm – wide-angle lens; over 85 mm – telephoto lens

Perspective Relations: Lens WIDE ANGLE LENS – a lens with short focal length with a wide angle of view. It exaggerates apparent depth of space and distorts straight lines lying near the edges of the frame.

Perspective Relations: Lens With wide angle lens a wide area of space is captured. With telephoto lens an angle of view is very narrow With normal lens an angle of view is narrower than with wide angle lens but wider than with telephoto

Perspective Relations: Lens With wide angle lens, our impression of the depth of space is exaggerated. Stanley Kubrick’s Paths of Glory

Perspective Relations Short focal length (wide- angle) lens - A lens of less than 35 mm in focal length Distort straight lines lying near the edges of the frame. Two towers appear to lean rightward and leftward

Nicholas Roeg’s Don’t Look Now

Perspective Relations Anything nearer the camera appear to bulge and its shape look distorted. In Terry Gilliam’s Brazil a wide-angle lens is used extensively

opening

Perspective Relations The wide-angle lens exaggerate depth. In a scene from William Wyler’s Little Foxes the lens makes the characters seem farther away from each other than we would expect. Arrival Arrival

Perspective Relations Middle focal length (normal) lens – A lens of medium focal length between 35 and 50 mm. No noticeable perspectival distortion: horizontal and vertical lines are rendered straight and perpendicular Depth does not look stretched apart or squeezed

Perspective Relations: Lens TELEPHOTO LENS – a lens of long focal length with a narrow angle of view. It condenses space, flattens depth, and bring distant things close.

Perspective Relations: Lens Long focal length (telephoto) lens - A lens of long focal length between 80 and 250 mm or more. It condenses space and flatten the space between what is in the foreground and in the background The planes seem squashed together Chen Kaige’s Life on a String

Perspective Relations: Lens In Godfrey Reggio’s Koyaanisqatsi an airport is shot from a great distance by a telephoto lens. The long lens makes the aeroplane look as if it were landing on a crowded motorway koyaanisqatsikoyaanisqatsi

Perspective Relations: Lens Akira Kurosawa frequently used the telephoto lens. In his Red Beard a mad woman walks in a doctor’s room. It is filmed over the shoulder of the doctor and the distance between the two characters appear close at first. When they are shown sideways, the viewer would know that they are far apart.

Perspective Relations: Lens As the telephoto lens flatten depth, a figure moving towards the camera appears to take more time to cover what seems to be a small distance. Running-in-place Mike Nichols’ The Graduate run for elaine run for elaine

Perspective Relations: Lens Zoom lens – a lens which can change focal length and transform perspective relations within a single shot. The zoom lens can substitute for moving the camera forward and backward, as it can magnify and de-magnify the subject. The Conversation

Describe that in Kurosawa Akira’s Kagemusha what lenses are used and what effects do they create.

Describe that in Stanley Kubrick’s Shining what lenses are used and what effects they create. Come play with us Come play with us

The Lens: Depth of Field and Focus Depth of focus = the range before the lens within which objects can be photographed in sharp focus. A lens with a depth of field of 10ft (3m) to infinity renders any object in that range clearly, but anything outside it (e.g. in 4ft) goes out of focus.

Lens: Depth of Field and Focus A wide-angle lens has a relatively greater depth of field than does a telephoto lens. A scene from Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane – an example of ‘pan’ focus. All the people in this frame are in sharp focus.

Depth of Field and Focus Only one plane is in focus and the other planes are blurred – shallow focus. David Fincher’s Social Network (2010) A young man’s head in focus, another man in front slightly out of focus, and everybody beyond the central figure completely out of focus. A scene A scene

Depth of Field and Focus Objects nearer to the camera are thrown out of focus, so that the viewer’s attentions is drawn to the sharper middle ground. A popular visual style in the 1940s. More recent example, Godfather (1972)

Lens: Depth of Field and Focus Selective focus can be used for a more abstract compositional effect. Leo Carax’s Boy Meets Girl (1984) I am what I am I am what I am

Depth of Field and Focus Faster film stock, wider-angle lens, more intense lighting yield a greater depth of field. Deep focus photography, in which everything is in focus. In Citizen Kane Greg Toland achieved memorable deep focus photography.

Lens: Depth of Field and Focus Deep focus photography a popular stylistic choice in the 1940s and 50s. Samuel Fuller, Underworld USA (1961) The Girl Backed down The Girl Backed down

Lens: Depth of Field and Focus Perspective relations can be adjusted by using rack (racking) focus or pulling focus. One object is in focus in one plane and you rack focus so that another thing in another place, which was out of focus, come in focus. Wes Anderson’s Rushmore Swimming pool Swimming pool

Describe the ways in which scenes are focused in Paul Thomas Anderson’s The Master and what effects it creates? The cause The cause

Describe the ways in which scenes are focused in Stephen Spielberg’s Close Encounters of the Third Kind and what kind of effects it creates. Last encounter Last encounter

Where in the scene is the rack focus found and for what effect is it used? Da vinci code Da vinci code