1. Introduction to Film Studies Mise-en-scène

2. Lighting In under lighting the light comes from below the subject filmed. In Tim Burton’s first Batman, the low angle shot is combined with under lighting. It creates distorted images. Joker Joker

3. Jack Nicholson again shown in under lighting. It is frequently used in horror films. Stanley Kubrick’s Shining

5. Lighting In top lighting the spotlight shines down from above. Marlene Dietrich’s face is lit from top front in Josef von Sternberg’s Shanghai Express (1932). A high frontal light brings out the line of her cheekbones and create shadows in her eye sockets. Hint of corruption and mysterious sexuality. SX SX

6. Lighting The position of light motivates the lighting decisions and design. In a scene from La Terra trema, Cora lights a lamp and light is directed to him from below.

7. Lighting In Colour lighting, thin colour film placed in front of a light gives image a universal tint.

8. Lighting In Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger’s Black Narcissus, their cinematographer Jack Cardiff got scenes lit in bold colours. Intense key light comes from the screen right in blue and orange.

9. Lighting The theatrical lighting in blue in the concluding sequence of Nagisa Oshima’s last film, Taboo (1999)

10. Lighting Dominant colour can be chosen to fit the mood of the film. Woody Allen’s Purple Rose of Cairo has sepia tone in order to reflect symbolically the mood of the Depression, which was the period setting for the film.

11. Photography: Tonality Film stock, lighting and development determines the tonality of photography In general, a slow film stock will produce a high- contrast look – the sharp difference between the darkest and lightest areas of the frame. Hard lighting (Low-key) lighting creates strong ‘contrast’ In film developing process, contrast can be heightened or lessened – high-contrast and low contrast.

12. Photography: Tonality In most black-and-white films, grays, blacks and whites are balanced through high-key (soft) lighting, ‘normal’ film stock and standard developing. Jean Renoir’s Crime of M. Lange

13. Photography: Tonality In the dream sequence of Ingmar Bergman’s Wild Strawberries a bleached-out look (little colour gradation) is created through a combination of film stock, over-exposure and laboratory processing.

16. Photography: Tonality News-reel like photography in Jean Luc Godard’s Les Carabiniers ‘The positive prints were simply made on a special Kodak high contrast stock … Several shots, intrinsically too gray, were duped again sometimes two or three times, always to their highest contrast.’ In cinema In cinema

18. Photography: Tonality Technicolor [colour film stock] famous for its sharply distinct, heavily saturated hues. Rich colours created by a specially designed camera and a printing process. Vincent Minelli’s Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) The Trolley Song The Trolley Song

19. Photography: Tonality Soviet film stock tended to lower contrast and give the image a murky greenish-blue cast. The monochromish colour design in Andrei Tarkovsky’s The Stalker. Actions seem to be taking place underwater. Stalker Stalker

20. Photography: Tonality TINTING - Already developed positive film is im- mersed in dye. Lighter areas pick up the colour while darker ones remain black and gray. In Abel Gance’s J’accuse! (1919) the image was tinted in pink. J’Accuse J’Accuse

21. Photography: Tonality Toning – when dye is added during the developing of the positive print, the darker areas of the frame are coloured and the brighter portions remain white or only faintly coloured. Veá Chytilová’s Daisies Night Club Night Club

22. Photography: Tonality Hand colouring – Portions of black-and-white images are painted in colours, frame by frame. The ship’s flat in Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin is hand coloured red.

23. Photography: Tonality Manipulations of tonalities Stan Brakhage scratches off the emulsion in certain parts of the image for creating a graphic design.

24. Photography: Tonality Tonality is the most crucially determined by exposure. Overexposure (too much light admitted through the lens) make the image too bright and underexposure (little light) make the image too dark. Carl Dryer overexposes the windows to create a religious atmosphere in Ordet. Funeral 5.30 Funeral

25. Photography: Tonality The city of Naples in Francesco Rosi’s Hands on the City is a little overexposed so that details are not clearly distinguishable. The city corrupt and hazy.

26. Photography: Tonality Women in the foreground shot in well-exposure, but the sun-lit town in the background is overexposed. Inside the house a woman is underexposed, while the countryside in the background well-exposed.

27. Photography: Tonality Filter – a slice of glass or gelatin placed in front of the lens reduces certain frequencies of light reaching the film. Day for Night – A filter can block out part of the light and make footage shot in daylight seem to be shot at night.

28. Perspective Relations Types of camera lenses determined by their focal length – distance between the centre of the lens to the point where light rays converge on the film. Focal length of the lens can affect perspective relations in the things in a frame.

29. Perspective Relations Short focal length (wide- angle) lens - A lens of less than 35 mm in focal length Distort straight lines lying near the edges of the frame. Two towers appear to lean rightward and leftward

30. Nicholas Roeg’s Don’t Look Now

31. Perspective Relations Anything nearer the camera appear to bulge and its shape look distorted. In Terry Gilliam’s Brazil a wide-angle lens is used extensively

33. opening

34. Perspective Relations The wide-angle lens exaggerate depth. In a scene from William Wyler’s Little Foxes the lens makes the characters seem farther away from each other than we would expect. Arrival Arrival

35. Perspective Relations Middle focal length (normal) lens – A lens of medium focal length between 35 and 50 mm. No noticeable perspectival distortion: horizontal and vertical lines are rendered straight and perpendicular Depth does not look stretched apart

36. Perspective Relations Long focal length (telephoto) lens - A lens of long focal length between 75 and 250 mm or more. It flatten the space between what is in the foreground and in the background The planes seem squashed together Chen Kaige’s Life on a String

37. Perspective Relations In Godfrey Reggio’s Koyaanisqatsi an airport is shot from a great distance by a telephoto lens. The long lens makes the aeroplane look as if it were landing on a crowded motorway. 25.15

38. Perspective Relations Akira Kurosawa frequently used the telephoto lens. In his Red Beard a mad woman walks in a doctor’s room. It is filmed over the shoulder of the doctor and the distance between the two characters appear close at first. When they are shown sideways, the viewer would know that they are far apart.

39. Perspective Relations As the telephoto lens flatten depth, a figure moving towards the camera appears to take more time to cover what seems to be a small distance. Running-in-place Mike Nichols’ The Graduate

40. Perspective Relations Zoom lens – a lens which can change focal length and transform perspective relations within a single shot. The zoom lens can substitute for moving the camera forward and backward, as it can magnify and demagnify the subject. The Conversation