Ch. 7 Antebellum

Antebellum *Time period before the war – in this case, the U.S. Civil War

".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent……….It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." - John L. O'Sullivan (1845)

Manifest Destiny *Coined by NY journalist. The belief that it was the destiny of the U.S. borders to stretch to the Pacific Ocean.

State’s Rights *Belief that a state’s interest is more important than the interest of the nation as a whole.

How did the North & South differ: Economically ? *NORTH – a short agricultural growing season helped base the economy on industry.

How did the North & South differ: Economically ? *SOUTH – as a result of climate, agriculture was dominant to industry

How did the North & South differ: State’s Rights ? US Capitol – early 1800’s How did the North & South differ: State’s Rights ? *NORTH- Strong National government

How did the North & South differ: State’s Rights ? *SOUTH- Strong State government

How did the North & South differ: Tariffs ? *NORTH- Supported high tariffs on foreign goods (self-protectionism) *SOUTH- Supported low tariffs on foreign goods (many goods were imported)

Overseer *A person hired by a plantation owner to manage the day to day operations on the plantation

Driver *Generally an older and loyal slave that was in charge of assisting an overseer on a plantation

Abolitionist *A person that believed in the elimination of slavery

Why was Harriett Beecher Stowe considered an abolitionist? * She wrote about the worst parts of slavery and the impact of the fugitive slave laws had on blacks in the South.

How many Free Blacks lived in the South during this time period? * A group of approximately ½ million Americans that were black but not bonded into slavery How many Free Blacks lived in the South during this time period? * App. 30,000 free slaves lived in the South

Discriminations faced by “Free” blacks: * Only 2 states gave them the right to vote *Could not receive public land lots * No travel abroad / limited travel in the U.S. * No education * Lived in segregated neighborhoods

Name the 5 W’s of the Missouri Compromise? Who? Missouri Territory What? 11 Free States & 11 Slave States. Missouri entered as a slave state Maine entered as a free state. The line of 36º 30′ was established as the line that slave states couldn’t exist above in future When? 1820 Where? Missouri & Maine Why? Compromise was necessary to keep the balance of free & slave states equal.  

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo *Gave the U.S. more than 500,000 square miles of territory *Mexico paid 18.25 million dollars for the land that was ceded *The boundary of Rio Grande was accepted between Texas & Mexico

Sectionalism * A belief that the ideas of your region or superior to the ideas of another region

Compromise of 1850 1848 – California gold rush began & population soared California constitution prohibited slavery 15 Free & 15 Slave states were in the union

Southerners feared that “free” states would have control of the Senate “Great Debate” went on for 8 months

Benefits to the NORTH (free states) : *California would be a free state *Texas would not annex the New Mexico territory *Ended slave trade in Washington, DC Benefits to the SOUTH (slave states) : *New Mexico & Utah citizens would vote on slavery issue *Residents of Washington, DC could keep slaves **Runaway slaves would be returned to their owners

The 5 W’s of the Compromise of 1850: Who? Congress and the President What? Both sides were at a deadlock re: California becoming a state When? Late 1840’s – early 1850’s Where? Washington D.C. & California Why? There were 15 free & slave states California was going to upset the balance of power.

What was the “Georgia Platform”? Urged the acceptance of the Compromise of 1850 U.S. Congressman Cobb, Stephens & Toombs helped get the platform adopted at the state capital in Milledgeville

How did the number 15 play a role in the Compromise of 1850? * There were 15 free & slave states

The 5 W’s of the Kansas-Nebraska Who? Stephen Douglass – U.S. Congressman from IL What? Slavery in new territories When? 1854 Where? U.S. Congress, Kansas and Nebraska territories Why? Many felt that the citizens in these territories would be allowed to determine the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty)

Popular Sovereignty * The ability for citizens of a territory to decide if their “new state” would be free or slave state

Free Soiler * A person that was anti-slavery and desired for new western states to be “free” states

Reactions to Kansas-Nebraska Act Northerners – the act would violate slavery line designated by the Missouri Compromise Southerners – favored the proposal & were confident that slave owners from other states would enter the new territory Thousands of people flooded into the new land Both sides sent supporters to the area “Bleeding Kansas” – a bloody civil war that broke out in Kansas between the pro & anti-slavery supporters

1855 – an election was held in Kansas Illegal voters flooded in from Missouri Anti-slavery groups were outraged & elected their own Governor & legislature Kansas was in CHAOS

Court ruled that slavery could not be outlawed in new territories What was the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott Case? Lawyers contention was that since he lived in a free state, he should be a free black. Supreme Court heard ruled that he was not entitled to sue because he was a slave (property) and not a U.S. citizen. Court ruled that slavery could not be outlawed in new territories

The 5 W’s of John Brown’s raid *Who? John Brown and the Secret Six *What? A raid on the federal armory *When? 1859 *Where? Harper’s Ferry, VA *Why? Brown was attempting to steal weapons and lead a slave revolt in Virginia

Plan:. Capture weapons and arm slaves in the area in a revolt Result: Plan: * Capture weapons and arm slaves in the area in a revolt Result: *Weapons were captured, but no revolt followed * Mayor was killed & hostages were taken * Troops led by Robert E. Lee killed 10 raiders & captured Brown * Brown was tried & later hung for his actions

Longfellow, “This is a great day in our history, the day of a new revolution …….. As I write, they are leading old John Brown to execution… This is sowing the wind to reap the whirlwind which will come soon.” * What do you think Longfellow meant by “sowing the wind” and “reap the whirlwind”?

Impact of “spiritual songs” * Songs that provided comfort and hope in the future

How did the “underground railroad” work? * A series “safe houses” designed to assist slaves on the run from their master.

Compare a slave to an indentured servant A slave is bound his entire life in service to another person. An indentured servant who is bound to service for a specific period of time. Role of religion to the average slave Religion played a key role to the average slave. * Black preachers spoke of freedom and justice. White preachers spoke of servants obeying their master.  

Pros & Cons of allowing slaves to be literate (able to read & write * It was against the law to educate slaves * PROS: could read labels & write messages * CONS: might use their literacy to lead a revolt

Slave codes designed to ….. * Laws designed to limit the rights of slaves

William Lloyd Garrison Publisher of an abolitionist newspaper The Liberator – promoted the abolition of slavery and called it EVIL

Frederick Douglass *An African American abolitionist that was born a slave and escaped to Boston. *He published the newspaper called the North Star. *Why the name North Star?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin * A series of stories detailing the life of a slave. Later the stories were published as a divisive novel.

What % of GA’s did not own slaves? Theorize why the majority of GA’s 60% of Georgians did not own slaves * Slaves were expensive – by 1830 = $ 1,000

Abraham Lincoln was the Republican candidate The Democrats disagreed on the issue of slavery in territories. Southern Democrats favored slavery & Northern Democrats didn’t. The 2 groups decided to each nominate a candidate for President of U.S.

In the election of 1860, if all of the have all voted for only one Democratic candidate then ……. Democrats would have won the popular vote with app. 2.7 million votes, BUT the Republicans would have still won the election with 180 to 84 This scenario is assuming that all Republican voters would have voted for the ONE candidate

Following the election of 1860, most Georgians supported the Union Following the election of 1860, most Georgians supported the Union. However, they felt stronger about …. state’s rights. Many Georgians faced the dilemma of keeping the Union together or the rights of individual states.

What historic event occurred on Dec What historic event occurred on Dec.20, 1860 in the state of South Carolina? * The state of South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union.

When did the state of Georgia Secede from the United States? *1 / 19 / 1861

What does C.S.A. stand for? * Confederate States of America

Crawford Long & why he is not Crawford Long & why he is not given credit for the 1st use of ether as an anesthesia? * While he was the first to use ether, he failed to publicly demonstrate the use or record in a medical journal.