American Revolution Based on the ideas of the Enlightenment. natural law inherent freedoms self-determination

The French Revolution

absolute monarchy constitutional monarchy democratic despotism Napoleonic empire How did the French Revolution lead France from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic empire?

The French Revolution was caused by 1.social inequality 2.economic problems 3.struggle for rights

In 1789, France was poor 1.People were starving 2.Nobility were living it up

Social Hierarchy in France 1 ST ESTATE the church 2 nd ESTATE the nobility 3 rd ESTATE the commoners

Absolute Monarchy Doctrine of the "divine right of kings“ Held all of the power Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI

Middle Class - bourgeoisie  they were paying taxes to support a fabulously expensive aristocracy { boozh wa zi } Merchants Merchants Artists Artists Professionals Professionals

  Peasants made up a large part of the 3 rd estate and were paying high taxes to support the lifestyle of the idle rich at Versailles.

the Estates General -- Met at Palace of Versailles (May, 1789) 1 ST ESTATE the church –.5% of population 300 representatives 2 nd ESTATE the nobility – 1.5% of population 300 representatives 3 rd ESTATE the commoners – 98% of population 600 representatives

Estates General -- at Palace of Versailles 3 rd ESTATE the commoners – met separately and declared themselves the National Assembly of France Louis XVI locked them out They meet in an indoor tennis court in the Versailles Palace

Tennis Court Oath (June, 1789) 3 rd ESTATE the commoners – met separately and declared themselves the National Assembly of France Pledged to create a Constitution for France

Meanwhile, The King sent troops to Paris Fired his financial advisor People stormed the Bastille Prison in order to arm themselves (there were only 7 prisoners, but plenty of weapons)

The storming of the Bastille Prison July 14, 1789

The French Revolution Begins

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( August, 1789 ) Based on the English Bill of Rights and the U.S. Constitution

Constitutional Monarchy (limited monarchy) Church Constitution King

Radical Revolution What went wrong? Why didn’t the constitutional monarchy last?

The Radical Revolution A.took control of the French revolution B.was led by Napoleon C.happened in the United States before the French Revolution D.was part of the Russian Revolution

October, 1789 – Womens’ March Rumors spread that the King and Queen were hoarding grain Armed women marched onto Versailles and moved the King and Queen back to Paris under house arrest

Imprisonment at the Tuileries

1791 They tried to escape but were brought back by the people

Jacobins - Radicals Wanted a Republic Wanted King to abdicate People were rioting National Assembly called in the troops Civilians are killed

Royal Powers to the east (Prussia, Austria, Holy Roman Empire) Want to put the King and Queen back into absolute power

France declares war on Austria April, 1792 Hoping to solve the starvation in France Hoping to spread revolution throughout Europe Prussia joins Austria, invades France Parisian Commune (National Assembly) storm the Tuilleries, imprison the king and queen, and declare a Republic

1793 Louis XVI guillotined in January In February, France declares war on Great Britain and the Dutch All men are drafted (Levee en masse) Marie Antoinette executed in October

The Reign of Terror Committee of Public Safety Revolutionary tribunal

democratic despotism Reign of Terror 1792 to 1794 Over 16,000 guillotined Additional 40,000 executed

End of the Reign of Terror Robespierre executed in July 1794

6.How did Louis XVI die? A. old age B. disease C. obesity D. execution *Later, Robespierre was also beheaded

A. Everyone in France opposed the Radicals B. Some of the French opposed the Radicals C. No one in France opposed the Radicals D. Napoleon opposed the Radicals 3. Which statement is the MOST accurate?

1795 Peace with Prussia and Spain Peace with Prussia and Spain New Constitution ratified New Constitution ratified France is now a Republic with 5 directors (the Directory) and 2 houses of legislature France is now a Republic with 5 directors (the Directory) and 2 houses of legislature Royalist uprising in Paris Royalist uprising in Paris

26 year old Napoleon Bonaparte used cannons to mow down the uprising and defend the Revolutionary government He became a national hero He is sent to Italy in 1796

Two years later, he conquered Ottoman- ruled Egypt. In 1799, Napoleon left his troops in Egypt and returned to Paris where the government was in crisis.

In November 1799, Napoleon became first consul in a coup d'état.

Napoleonic empire Q: Napoleon A. led the French Revolution B. led the Radical Revolutionaries C. led a coup d'état D. led an expedition to Egypt

In 1802, he made himself consul for life.

2 years later he crowned himself emperor

Napoleon’s accomplishments: the centralization of the government the creation of the Bank of France the reinstatement of Roman Catholic church Law reform under the Napoleonic Code

Q: Napoleon built an empire A. in Paris B. in France C. in Europe D. in north Africa

One of the greatest military leaders in history, and emperor of France, Napoleon conquered much of Europe.

Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 resulted in a disastrous retreat.

Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815 put an end to his rule as Emperor of the French

Napoleon died in exile, aged 51

Nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the Revolutions of 1848.

One important idea that spread through Europe because of Napoleon was: A. capitalism B. communism C. nationalism D. sectionalism

The Napoleonic era gave rise to the beginning of a new form of unification: nationalism.