The Organization of Matter in the Universe or at least at H.R.H.S.

Everything that has mass (weight) and volume (takes up space) is called matter.

A model is a simplified version of reality The particle model is an example of a scientific model Idea: Matter is not continuous but instead is made up of particles Facts: Matter is made up of extremely small particles These particles are in constant movement When the temperature increases so does this movement The particles are held together by forces of attraction

The particle model is a scientific model based on the idea that matter is made up of small particles This model helps explain how particles behave and are organized in the three states of matter

Solid: Particles are very close together with strong forces of attraction (not a lot of space to move around) This gives solids their definite structure and (generally) do not need a container to hold their shape and volume Liquid: Particles still close together but the bonds are weaker than solids Liquids have definite volume but indefinite form (take the shape of what they are in)

Gaseous: Particles are very far apart and are not bound by forces of attraction Take whatever space they are given- fill up a container, escape if opened Particles in solid Particles in liquid Particles in gas

Matter

Atoms (created by the Big Bang) are the smallest unit that makes up matter

Elements are pure substances of only one type of atoms Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table by their atomic number (the number of electrons OR protons inside the atom)

The Periodic Table shows the chemical symbol of each atom e.g. Oxygen is O, Silver is Ag (Latin name is Argentium) These symbols are universal (world wide) The symbols are grouped in the Periodic Table by how they react chemically

Insert periodic table

A molecule is a group of atoms that are chemically bonded e.g. A molecule of water (H 2 O) is made from a chemical bond between 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen

Combining atoms to create molecules

Glucose molecule

Molecules are represented by their chemical formulas. This shows the nature and the number of each atom that composes the molecule. Each atom is represented by its symbol from the periodic table.

The number of each atom is written directly after the symbol. (the number 1 is not written) H2O The symbol for hydrogen The symbol for oxygen The number 2 = 2 atoms of hydrogen in the molecule The absence of a number = only 1 atom of oxygen in the molecule

Matter is divided into two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has only one type of particle regardless of whether they are atoms or molecules

Matter Pure Substances

An element is a substance made from one type of atoms E.g. A block of pure gold contains nothing but gold atoms (Au)

Matter Pure Substances Elements

A compound is a pure substance formed by combining two or more different atoms. E.g. Table salt (NaCl) is sodium and chlorine. Compounds can be separated into their individual elements. E.g. Water (H2O) can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen using a process called electrolysis

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds

Mixtures: Two or more substances that: 1) Are not chemically combined with each other 2) Can be separated by physical means (ex. filtration). Substances in a mixture keep their individual properties.

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures

Two Categories of Mixtures: 1) Heterogeneous Mixture – the substances of the mixture have visible differences Examples: orange juice with pulp, fruit salad, salsa *** hetero = different ***

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures Heterogeneous

2) Homogeneous Mixture – the substances have no visible differences and disperse evenly Examples: tap water, salt water, air, orange juice without pulp, and skim milk. *** homo = the same or similar ***

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Mixtures Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Is it a Heterogeneous or Homogeneous Mixture? To determine if a mixture is a homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture we look to see if there are visible differences in the mixture. Heterogeneous (different) = Visible differences Homogeneous (same) = No Visible differences

Would the following be considered a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture? 1) water 2) air 3) vegetable soup 4) coffee (with & without milk) 5) beach sand 6) salsa homogeneous heterogeneous

While homogeneous mixtures appear to be uniform using the naked eye, when a microscope is use we can see there are actually two types of homogeneous mixtures: A colloid is a homogeneous mixture with at least two different substances that can be distinguished under magnification A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which it is impossible to distinguish the parts even with magnification

Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds Colloid Solution Mixtures Heterogeneous Homogeneous