 Disease – any deviation from normal state of health  Contagious disease – infectious disease, transmitted from one animal to another  Mortality – Number of deaths, percentages  Morbidity – Measurement of illness

 Veterinary Planning  Sanitation  Monitoring Sources and Identification of Livestock  Using Pharmaceuticals and Biologics  Stress Reduction

 Veterinary planning  Scheduling regular appointments  Take a preventative approach  Sanitation  Antiseptic – kills bacteria on animal tissue  Disinfectant – kills bacteria on non-living tissue or surfaces

Purchasing animals from producers with effective herd management programs Controlling exposure of their animals to other people & vehicle Providing clothing, boots, and disinfectants to people who must be exposed to the animals & facilities Isolating animals when entering a herd or returning Controlling insects, birds, rodents that can carry disease Keeping animals out of drainage areas that run through their farm through other farms

 Using Pharmaceuticals and Biologics  Pharmaceuticals – used to treat disease (antibiotics)  Biologics – used to prevent diseases (vaccines)  Methods of administration  Topically – applied to skin  Orally – fed through mouth, drenching/balling guns  Injection – applied directly into the animal’s body (needle and syringe  Anthelmentics  Drugs given to kill internal parasites

SStress Reduction SStress – any environmental factor that may cause a great change in an animal’s physiological processes SSources – temperature, wind velocity, mud, snow, dust, fatigue PProlonged stress can lead to reduction in immunity

PPoison vs. Toxin PPoison – harmful chemical whose source is a plant or is manufactured TToxin – chemicals produced by animal cells or microorganisms DDisease Detection (sign vs symptom) SSign – external identification of disease SSymptom – internal identification of disease

 Visual Observation  Loss of appetite  Animal is depressed  Ears dropped  Hump in back  Head in lower position  Separation from herd, flock  Coughing, wheezing or difficulty breathing

Vital Signs – A veterinarian/manager will check for: Body Temperature Respiration Rate Heart Rate

 Viruses  lack cytoplasm, must reproduce in the host cell  Very specific to host and tissue (host seeking)  Transmission in many ways  Vaccination can control  Bacteria  Single celled organisms  Damage tissue by producing toxins  Treated with antibiotics, chemicals, etc

 Protozoa  Single celled but larger than bacteria  Invade digestive tract (intestinal lining) and cause rupture of host cells  Very host specific  Impaired digestion and absorption  Most common: coccidia  Fungi  Single celled or multicellular plant like organisms  Hard to treat: avoidance is best treatment  Examples: Ringworm, molds