Tradition and Change in East Asia Chapter 26 Tradition and Change in East Asia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Ming (1368-1644) (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out Centralized government control; faced new invasions from the Mongols Rebuilt and repaired the Great Wall to prevent northern invasions Restored Chinese cultural traditions and civil service examinations Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress Moved capital to Beijing ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ming China, 1368-1644 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Great Wall of China ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ming Decline Coastal cities and trade disrupted by pirates, 1520s--1560s Government corruption and inefficiency caused by powerful eunuchs Famines and peasant rebellions during the 1630s and 1640s Manchu invaders with peasant support led to final Ming collapse, 1644 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Qing Empire, 1644-1911 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Qing dynasty The Manchus (1644-1911), invaders from Manchuria to the northeast Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty Overwhelmed the Chinese forces; proclaimed the Qing dynasty, 1644 Originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military force Captured Korea and Mongolia first, then China Remained an ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with Chinese ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The “Son of Heaven” Ming, Qing emperors considered quasi-divine Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants Clothing designs and name characters forbidden to rest of population Heavenly powers and an obligation to maintain order on the earth The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scholar-Bureaucrats Governance of the empire fell to civil servants, called scholar-bureaucrats Ran government on a day-to-day basis Schooled in Confucian texts, calligraphy Had to pass rigorous examinations with strict quotas ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Examination System and Society Civil service exam intensely competitive; few chosen for government positions Others could become local teachers or tutors System created a meritocracy with best students running the country Wealthy families had some advantages over poor families Confucian curriculum fostered common values ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Patriarchal Family The basic unit of Chinese society was the family; the highest value, filial piety Included duties of children to fathers, loyalty of subjects to the emperor ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gender Relations Males receive preferential status Economic factor: girls join husband’s family Infanticide common Men control divorce Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much Foot binding of young girls increased ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Woman with Bound Feet ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Population Growth and Economic Development Only 11% of China arable Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary American food crops introduced in seventeenth century Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts Rebellion and war reduce population in seventeenth century Offset by increase due to American crops ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Chinese Population Growth ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Foreign Trade Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware Chinese in turn import relatively little Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles Pay for exports with silver bullion from Americas ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Government and Technology During Tang and Song dynasties (seventh to thirteenth century), China a world leader in technology Ming and Qing governments suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classes in Chinese Society Privileged classes Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service Working classes Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants Lower classes Military, beggars, slaves ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Confucianism and Christianity Jesuits respectful of Chinese tradition, but won few converts .08% of the population Chinese had problems with exclusivity of Christianity emperor Kangxi denounced Christianity Jesuits had been an important bridge between Chinese and western cultures, introducing each to the achievements of the other ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Unification of Japan Shoguns rule Japan, twelfth to sixteenth century Large landholders with private armies Emperor merely a figurehead Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867) Control of foreign relations The shoguns adopted policy of isolation from outside world, 1630s Foreign trade was under tight restriction at the port of Nagasaki Despite the policy, Japan was never completely isolated ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Economic Growth in Japan Population growth Agricultural production doubled between 1600 and 1700 Population rose by a one-third from 1600 to 1700 Then slow growth due to infanticide, contraception, late marriage, abortion Social change Peace undermined the social and economic role of warrior elites Merchants became prominent, and often wealthier than the ruling elites ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Population Growth ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Christianity in Japan Remarkable success among daimyo Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans Government backlash Fear of foreign intrusion Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians Sometimes by crucifixion ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Persecution of Catholics ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dutch Learning Dutch learning was one limited connection to the outside world Dutch merchants permitted to trade at Nagasaki European science, medicine, and art began to influence Japanese scholars ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.