1. Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 26

2. The States of West Africa and East Africa
Developed over 8th-16th centuries
Kingdom of Ghana
Not related to modern State of Ghana
Major Gold Trader
Mali Empire, 13th century
Songhay Empire, 15th century
Sunni Ali (r ) created effective army, navy
Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces, regional city-states exert local control

3. The Middle Passage (Africa-Americas)
African slaves captured by raiding parties, force-marched to holding pens at coast
Middle passage under horrific conditions
4-6 weeks
Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5%
Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million
Approximately 4 million killed before arrival (approx 20% from each ship)

4. Effects of Slave trade
Africa lost generations of their fittest members
Families torn apart
Introduction of guns helped spread war and conflict throughout Africa
Slaves contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas: Haiti and Barbados could not have survived w/o their labor
Increase of African-American populations (America and Brazil)

5. Many new items introduced that traveled on triangle of trade.
Introduction of firearms increases violence of pre-existing conflicts
More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons
Sugar: major cash crop
Creole languages

6. End of the Slave Trade
Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803, followed by Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845)
Possession of slaves remains legal
Clandestine trade continues to 1867
Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1883), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888)
Saudi Arabia and Angola continue to the 1960s

7. Tradition and Change
in East Asia Chapter 27

8. The Ming Dynasty ( )
Ming government ( ) drove the Mongols out of China
Centralized government control; faced new invasions from the Mongols
Rebuilt and repaired the Great Wall to prevent northern invasions
Restored Chinese cultural traditions and civil service examinations
Emperor Yongle (r ) experiments with sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks

9. Ming Collapse
Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century; Rebels take Beijing in 1644
Manchu (from Manchuria) fighters enter from the north and retake city; Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty
Originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military force
Captured Korea and Mongolia first, then China
Remained an ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with Chinese
Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

10. The Qing Dynasty ( )
Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall
Chieftan Nurhaci (r ) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military
Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China
War with Ming loyalists to 1680
Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption
Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty

11. The “Son of Heaven”
Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-divine
Hundreds of concubines, thousands of servants
Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population

12. Economic and Social Changes
Changes in China partly because of a result of influences abroad: Agricultural production increased (new foods from the Americas), global trade brought wealth to China
The Patriarchal Family: Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor; Eldest son favored

13. Neo-Confucianism
It was a movement that synthesized Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism; developed during the Song Dynasty, it became the dominant philosophy during the Ming Dynasty
While loyalty to the government was an important feature, family structure was the foundation for all other relationships in one’s life; there were restrictions on merchant class, it existed not only in China but in Korea and Japan, placed great value in education

14. Confucianism and Christianity
Jesuit missionaries tried to convert the Chinese, but it didn’t work
But, the Jesuits made China known to Europe (impact of paper)