RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Functions  Gas exchange  Filters air  Warms air  Humidifies air  Speech/sound  Olfaction

Upper Respiratory Tract  All structures are lined with mucous membranes 1. Nose 2. Nasal cavity  Space posterior to nose  Divided by nasal septum 3. Nasal conchae  Divides nasal cavity into passageways, increases surface area  Warms, moistens, filters incoming air 4. Paranasal sinuses  Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary  Reduces weight of skull, resonating chambers for speech

5. Pharynx  Passageway for food and air  3 parts Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx

6. Larynx  Voice production  Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage, including: Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Vocal folds Glottis Cricoid cartilage

Lower Respiratory Tract 1. Trachea windpipe lies anterior to esophagus Divides into left & right bronchi C-rings support wall 2. Bronchiole Tree Branched passages that connects trachea to alveoli As tubes branch: Amt. Of cartilage decreases Pseudostratified to cuboidal to simple squamous Smooth muscle increases (bronchoconstriction- histamine, bronchodilation – epinephrine)

3. Lungs Covered by pleural membranes: Parietal, visceral Pleural cavity is filled with serous fluid Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures: Right has 3 lobes, left has 2 Composed of over 300,000,000 alveoli

Lung Cancer

Causes  Cigarette smoking  Radon poisoning  Asbestos exposure

Asbestos  a naturally occurring fibrous Mg silicate mineral popular in manufacturing and industry due to its strength, chemical and thermal stability. Types include: chrysotile (which accounted for 95% of industrial use), amosite and crocidolite.  Exposure can lead to mesothelioma

Where is it found  Insulation materials  Roofing  Siding  Floor tile  Fireproof gloves  Brake pads and lining

Asthma  Airways react by narrowing or obstructing when they are irritated= bronchoconstriction  Symptoms:  wheezing  coughing  shortness of breath  chest tightness

Provoking Factors  Allergens (dust, mites, pollen, etc)  Cold air  Dust  Strong fumes  Exercise  Inhaled irritants  Emotional upsets  Smoke

Causes of Asthma  Unknown  Could be:  Genetic  Immune defenses  environment

Pneumonia  Inflammation of the lung: bacterial or viral  may also be caused from infections that spread to the lungs through the bloodstream from other organs (50%: viral)  Streptococcus pneumoniae: most common bacterial form

Symptoms/treatment  Cough  High Fever (104)  Chest pain  Shortness of breath

TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Characteristics  Disease affecting the lungs, circulatory system, other organs  Primarily Lungs  14.6 million infected in 2004  Spread through air  Once it enters the respiratory tract it begins to replicate eventually spreading to other parts of the body

 Because the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are transmitted through the air, the disease can be quite contagious.  To be at risk, you must be exposed to the organisms constantly, by living or working in close quarters with someone who has the active disease.  bacteria generally stay dormant after they invade the body; only 10% of people infected with TB will ever come down with the active disease.

 Tuberculosis is characterized by white lesions or tubercles which replace alveoli with scar tissue  results in poor gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

Symptoms  Coughing  Wheezing  Chest pain  Fever, chills  Loss of appetite  Possibly death

TB skin test 

Sleep Apnea  Responsible for Sudden infant death and snoring  Apneas are obstructive and decreases oxygen getting to lungs  Adults: stop breathing for s  Symptoms: Fatigue, headache, depression and drawsiness