SSUSH11 The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstruction.

Bell Ringer Based on the following pictures: –What are some negative effects of the Industrial Revolution? –What are some positive effects?

Essential Questions 1 & 2 1.What impact did the railroad industry have on other industries such as: steel, and the organization of big business? 2.What impact did railroads have on the development of the Western U.S.? Also, what was the transcontinental railroad and how was Chinese labor utilized?

Railroads

Railroads increased the amount of steel being used in two ways- 1 st: The railroads used steel for their rails 2 nd : Railroads made it much easier to transport large quantities of the natural resources needed to produce steel (iron, coal), which increased the demand for those products

Railroads Railroads also reshaped the steel industry (and many others) by developing vertical integration Railroad owners bought iron mills, coal mines, and factories which produced railroad cars Railroads helped to spur the “Gilded Age”

Railroads In 1862 Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act which helped create the transcontinental railroad The railroad connected the east coast to the west coast, opening up settlement in the west Much of the western portions of the railroad was built by Chinese laborers, specifically brought to the US to work on the railroad

Transcontinental Railroad Transcontinental railroad helped spur growth by: –increasing the number of markets (places to sell products) –requiring enormous amount raw and finished materials to build and supply the railroad –providing land for settlement

John D. Rockefeller Founded Standard Oil Company in 1870 To remove competition, Standard Oil bought up oil refineries, so that by 1880 they owned 90% of the refineries in the US, forming a monopoly To avoid violating state laws against horizontal integration, Standard Oil formed a trust, a way of merging and controlling other companies

John D. Rockefeller Horizontal Integration is when many competing companies are bought up and turned into one large company Standard Oil was broken up by the government in 1911 for being a monopoly Rockefeller was also a philanthropist, supporting colleges such as Spelman

Thomas Edison Invented the phonograph, light bulb, and the motion picture all in the late 1800s Created a research lab to develop and perfect his inventions How would these inventions have an impact on society?

SSUSH12: The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growth.

Bell Ringer Examine this political cartoon: 1.What is the theme? 2.What is the message that the artists wishes to convey? 3.Do you agree with the message?

Essential Questions 5 & 6 1.How did the shift of immigrant origins affect urban America? What role did Ellis Island play in immigration? 2.What caused the rise in labor consciousness in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s? Include an explanation of the AFL [American Federation of Labor], Samuel Gompers and the Pullman strike.

a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America. Ellis Island (NY) was the entry point for many European immigrants Immigrants had to pass medical, mental, and legal exams and have at least $25 in order to enter into the U.S.

European Immigration Up until the 1880s most European immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, England, Germany). Many of these “looked” like Americans, and had similar religious and cultural backgrounds Beginning in the late 1880s, a change began to occur in the origin of immigrants. These “new” immigrants began arriving from eastern and southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia).

The “New” Immigrants Many of these new immigrants didn’t speak English, came from non democratic governments, had differing religions, and didn’t “look” American.

The “New” Immigrants These new immigrants often settled together in east coast cities (Little Italy), and worked in low paying factory jobs This new wave of immigrants caused the emergence of nativism: an extreme dislike of immigrants Why would these new immigrants want to settle together in cities?

d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest. In 1894 the American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs, led a strike against the Pullman Company (IL) who manufactured railroad cars President Cleveland sent in U.S. troops and ordered the strike to end. The ARU collapsed as a Union as a result of government intervention

b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers. Samuel Gompers was the first leader of the AFL (A labor union): which promoted 8 hour work days, collective bargaining, and closed shops: stayed out of politics and rejected communist ideas The AFL is still in existence today (AFL-CIO)

c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee. Americans moved westward in the 1860s to become ranchers, miners, and farmers. The settlers began to encroach on Native American hunting grounds and broke numerous treaties How would fences that were constructed by farmers and ranchers affect Native Americans?

Wounded Knee By the late 1880s most western Indian tribes had been resettled onto reservations Sitting Bull, a Sioux Chief, who helped defeat Custer at the Little Big Horn, had moved onto a reservation and began performing the “Ghost Dance” which his followers believed would bring back the buffalo, and make the settlers disappear Sitting Bull is ordered to stop, but refuses and is killed while being arrested

Wounded Knee Many of Sitting Bulls followers fled the reservation after his death and camped at Wounded Knee Creek with other Sioux The U.S Calvary, which was sent to escort the Sioux back to the reservation, attempted to disarm them and a fight broke out

Wounded Knee In the massacre that followed, nearly 200 Sioux men, women and children were killed Many of the injured froze to death Wounded Knee led many to question the treatment of Native Americans, and was the last major resistance by Native Americans