Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia's

Blood Liquid connective tissue 3 general functions Transportation Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products Regulation pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure Protection Clotting, white blood cells, proteins

Components of Blood Blood plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins) Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases and waste products Formed elements – cells and cell fragments Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) White blood cells (Leukocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes)

Blood Cell Production :Hematopoiesis

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) Oxygen-transporting cells Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/mm3 Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/mm3 Average lifespan 100 – 120 days and then destroyed in spleen Have no organelles or nuclei Hemoglobin –quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains Each RBC has about 280 million hemoglobin molecules Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes ) Protect the body from infectious microorganisms 4,800 – 11,000 cells/mm 3 Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs Lifespan of 12 hours to several years Two types of leukocytes : Granulocytes (Neutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils) Agranulocytes (Monocytes ,Lymphocytes)

Types of White Blood Cells

Platelets (thrombocytes) Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug (Homeostasis) Short life span – 5-9 days

Homeostasis Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Coagulation

What is Anemia Definition of Anemia : a decrease in the amount of red blood cells(RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen Normal ranges of Hb (in general are) : Men: Hb 13.5 -17.5 g/dL Women: Hb 11.5-16 g/dL Infants : Hb 16 -22 g/dL Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dL

Classification of anemia On the basis of underlying cause : Erythrocyte loss (bleeding) Decreased Erythrocyte production low erythropoietin Decreased marrow response to erythropoietin Increased Erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic) On the basis of morphology of RBC : Normocytic (MCV 80 – 100 fl) Macrocytic (MCV < 80 fl ) Microcytic (MCV >100 fl)

Classification of anemia by RBC size Microcytic anemia's : iron deficiency anemia. Thalassemia. sideroblastic anemia. anemia's of chronic disease. Macrocytic anemia : megaloblastic (folate or vitamin B12 deficiency). nonmegaloblastic causes. Normocytic anemia's : aplastic anemia. bone-marrow replacement. pure red-cell aplasia. hemolytic anemia, and recent blood loss.

iron deficiency anemia Why is iron deficiency important? Remains most common nutrient deficiency in developing countries Over 1 billion people affected, nearly half of the world’s young children In US, most common in lower income infants and toddlers 12-36 months of age and teenage girls Over 700,000 toddlers affected in the US, 1/3 with anemia, over 7.8 million adolescent females/women Long term effects on neurodevelopment, behavior, neurotransmitter myelination, energy metabolism Increased susceptibility to lead toxicity