1. BLOOD

2. Physical Characteristics  Color depends on oxygen content  8% of body weight  4 - 5 L in females, 5 - 6 L in males  pH – slightly alkaline (7.35 – 7.45)  About 100.4° F With O 2 Without O 2

3. What Is It?

4.  55% plasma  Plasma is 90% water – solvent, heat absorber  Plasma proteins Albumin – osmotic balance, pH buffering Fibrinogen – blood clotting Globulins – defense (antibodies), lipid transport  Salts (electrolytes) – osmotic balance, pH buffering

5. What Is It?  45% formed elements (living cells)  Buffy coat = less than 1% Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets  Erythrocytes (red blood cells) More than 99% Percentage of total blood volume = hematocrit

7. Erythrocytes  Transport oxygen to cells  Tiny - 4-6 million /mm 3 of blood  Produced in bone marrow  Life span is 100-120 days  Biconcave (Why?)  Anucleate  No organelles (How do they get energy?)

8. Erythrocytes  97% of solid material is hemoglobin  Anemia – reduced oxygen levels low # of erythrocytes low amounts of hemoglobin  Sickle-cell anemia Mutation in hemoglobin gene Reduced malaria risk

9. Normal vs. Iron Deficiency Anemia

10. Normal vs. Sickle Cell Anemia

11. Leukocytes  Defend against disease  Produced in bone marrow  Perform diapedesis

12. Types of Leukocytes  Granulocytes – contain granules  Neutrophils Most numerous WBC (~60%) Multi-lobed nucleus & pale granules Kill bacteria  Eosinophils Bi-lobed nucleus, reddish granules Kill parasitic worms  Basophils Bluish granules Inflammatory response

13. Types of Leukocytes  Agranulocytes – lack granules  Lymphocytes About 30% WBC One large nucleus  2 Types T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells) – control immune response B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells) – secrete antibodies  Monocytes  Largest WBC with pale U-shaped nucleus  Become macrophages – “cell eaters”

14. Normal vs. Leukemia

15. Platelets  Small cell fragments  Responsible for blood clotting

16. Sketch & Label

17. Hemostasis – 3 Phases  Phase One: Platelet plug formation Damage to a blood vessel Exposes collagen fibers Platelets stick to collagen and release chemicals Chemicals attract more platelets

18. Hemostasis – 3 Phases  Phase Two: Vascular spasms  Platelets release serotonin, causing the blood vessel to spasm and narrow. How is this helpful?

19. Hemostasis – 3 Phases  Phase Three: Coagulation A “clotting cascade” is triggered:  Damaged tissues release TF (tissue factor)  TF combines with vitamins, ions and clotting factors in the plasma and platelet plug to form prothrombin activator  Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma to thrombin  Thrombin joins together soluble fibrinogen proteins into long insoluble molecules of fibrin

20. Tissue Damage (TF) Platelet Plug (PF 3 ) Factors in blood (clotting proteins, Vitamin K, calcium) Prothrombin Activator Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen (soluble) Fibrin (insoluble)

21. Clotting Cascade (continued)  Fibrin traps red blood cells & contracts, squeezing out plasma & sealing blood vessels

22. Question to consider…  When you have an open wound, why should you apply gauze and pressure?

23. Disorders of Hemostasis  Hemophilia

24. Disorders of Hemostasis  Thrombus  Embolus

25. Blood Typing - Antigens

26. Blood Typing - Antibodies

27. To clarify…

28. Blood Typing - Agglutination

29. Blood Typing

30. Hematopoiesis  Blood cell formation  In red bone marrow  Axial skeleton  Pelvic and pectoral girdles  Humerus & femur

31. Hemocytoblasts  Stem cells that make all formed elements

32. Erythropoiesis  Red blood cell production  3 phases: 1. Ribosome synthesis – used to produce hemoglobin 2. Hemoglobin accumulates 3. Nucleus and organelles are ejected

33. Erythropoietin  Hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis; increases RBC production  Produced by the kidneys  Release controlled by negative feedback The balance between RBC production and destruction is very important!! Why?

34. Events causing release of erythropoietin… 1. Decreased RBC count 2. Decreased availability of oxygen 3. Increased tissue demands for oxygen What is the variable that is being monitored?

36. The Spleen  Graveyard for RBC’s  Dying erythrocytes are engulfed and destroyed by macrophages  Hemoglobin gets reused Why do erythrocytes die of old age?

37. Questions for thought…  How would spending time on the upper slopes of K2 (at right) affect your body’s erythropoietin levels?  How would it affect your blood viscosity?

38. Questions for thought…  What changes would you expect to see in an athlete who trains at high altitudes? Do you think these are a benefit or detriment to sea- level performance?

39. Questions for thought…  Blood-Doping  Blood-Doping – illegally boosting the number of RBCs in circulation in order to enhance athletic performance Do you think this should be illegal? How does it differ from high altitude training?