Common Bone Features: Holes and Depressed Areas _________ _________: A hole in bone. Usually allow the passage of nerve or blood vessel or may exist simply to lighten structure (pelvis) ______________: A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. Usually occupied by muscles or tendons.

The Skeleton ______________ Skeleton = Bones of head and trunk skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, sternum _______________ Skeleton = Bones of limbs and appendages thoracic and pelvic limbs ______________ Skeleton = bones formed in the soft organs.

Skull Consists of 37 or 38 separate bones joined by immovable fibrous joints called ____________. exception: the ______________ is freely movable at is connected to the rest of the skull by a synovial joint. Skull bones are divided into 3 regions: Bones of the ____________ Within each region, there are external (visible) and internal (hidden within the skull) bones Delete italic as shown 3

Bones of the Cranium Cranium -portion of skull that surrounds the brain. External Bones of Cranium: Frontal Bones (2) Interparietal Bones (2) Occipital Bone (1) Parietal Bones (2) Temporal Bones (2) Internal Bones of Cranium: Ethmoid Bone (1) Sphenoid Bone (1)

Single bone that forms the caudoventral portion or _________ of skull, most caudal skull bone. Importance: Is where spinal cord exits skull _______________ magnum Skull bone that articulates with first cervical vertebrae (atlas). _____________ condyles are articular surfaces on either side of foramen magnum that come together with the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint Occipital Bone

Interparietal Bones Bone(s) located on dorsal __________ between occipital and parietal bones Clearly visible in young animals, may fuse together in older animals.

Parietal Bones Two bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium Well developed in dogs, cats and humans, but relatively small in horses and cattle.

Temporal Bones Two bones located ventral to the parietal bones Importance: Form walls of the cranium Contain middle and inner ear structures Form the temporomandibular joints with the ___________ (Lower jaw) Temporal Bones

Frontal Bones Forms ______________ region of skull and a portion of the eye’s orbit. Located rostral to parietal bone. Frontal sinus is contained within frontal bone. ____________ are extension of frontal bone.

Internal (hidden) Bones of the Cranium Sphenoid Bone Forms____________ portion of the cranium and contains the pituitary fossa, which houses the ____________ gland. Contains the sphenoidal sinus in most animals.

INTERNAL (hidden) BONES OF THE CRANIUM Ethmoid Bone Located rostral to sphenoid bone. Contains _____________ plate which has branches of olfactory nerve passing through. Horses and humans also have ethmoidal sinus in the ethmoid bone.

Bones of the Ear (Ossicles) Hidden in the middle ear from the outside in: ____________-hammer ____________-anvil ____________-stirrup Function is to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to cochlea where vibrations are changed into nerve impulses.

Bones of the Face External (landmark) Bones of the Face Incisive (2) Lacrimal (2) Mandible (1 or 2) Maxillary (2) Nasal (2) Zygomatic (2) Internal (hidden) Bones of the Face Palantine (2) Pterygoid (2) Turbinates (4) Vomer (1)

External Bones of the Face Incisive: Also called pre__________ bones Most ___________ skull bones In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. (Ruminants have a dental pad instead) Nasal: Forms the _________ of the nose. Length depends on the animal.

External Bones of the Face Maxillary Form the ________ jaw with incisive bone House all teeth besides incisors Forms rostral part of ________ palate contains maxillary sinus Lacrimal Two bones that form medial portion of the ________ of the eye. Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.

External Bones of the Face Zygomatic aka malar bones form portion of orbit join with temporal bone to form zygomatic ______ Mandible lower jaw houses all lower teeth only __________ skull bone forms TMJ with temporal bone 2 bones come together at mandibular ________________ fused into one bone in horses and swine 2 parts: ramus and shaft Ramus = caudal, vertical part Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal part

Internal Bones of the Face Make up caudal part of _____ palate Support part of the lateral walls of the ________ (throat). ____________________Bone: Forms part of nasal septum (midline wall between left and right nasal passages). _____________________: Also called nasal conchae. Thin and scroll-like that fill most of nasal cavity space.