US History Exploration and Colonization Overview By Michela Parisi & Ellen Emery

Pequot War First Serious armed conflict between the Native Americans settlers of New England. Numerous previous conflicts over property, damage to Indian fields, hunting and dishonest trade dealings. The Pequot were outgunned, a smallpox epidemic had also weakened the tribe. 1637, the Pequot leader Sassacus is captured, main village destroyed and the Pequot were finished.

The Causes of European Exploration Potential for Wealth Gold, God, Glory Bubonic Plague Foreign invaders Renaissance leads to global awareness Religious freedom Lack of central government

Rise of England as an Exploration Power Spain’s rivalry with England – Led to Spanish naval invasion of England – England’s small ships beat huge Spanish navy Wealthy gentlemen wanted to fix England’s problems: poverty, growing population a stalled economy. Joint-Stock Companies – Charter from King – Get financial support – Send explorers England Spain

Main differences of the Spanish, French and English Colonies SpanishEnglishFrench Motives of Exploration: Gold, God, Glory Motives of Exploration: Religious freedom, economic opportunity Motives of Exploration: Fur trade, God Settled Regions: Mexico, Central America Settled Regions: Atlantic Coast Settled Regions: Canada, Louisiana Treatment of Natives: Hostile, Violent, Controlling Treatment of Natives: Initially fair until expansion Treatment of Natives: Cooperative, traded with, and married into tribes

Main Characteristics of the New England, Middle and Southern Colonies New EnglandMiddle ColoniesSouth Culture: Strict religious structure of Puritans and Separatists; Economy based on fishing (failure) Culture: Religious tolerance and diversity; “bread basket” of the English New World Culture: Thrives on exports (mainly crops and tobacco); slavery Government: Republic; Elected governors and adopted English common law; English Bill of Rights Government: Originally under Dutch rule, then taken over by England Government: House of Burgesses arrives in 1619; Climate: Short growing season, cold winters, subsistent farming Climate: Temperate climate, fertile soil and some crop exports Climate: Long, warm summers makes land suitable for farming

Bacon’s Rebellion Settlers wanted to clear Indians from Virginia Nathanial Bacon led rebellion, slaughtering Indians When William Berkeley (Governor) opposed plan, Bacon’s men burned Jamestown Bacon died, Berkeley lost credibility, and a new governor is appointed to Virginia

Headright System If you pay for passage to Virginia, you get 50 acres of free land. FREE $$ LAND

King Philip’s War Indian chief Metacom (King Philip) rebels against colonists – Disease – Land taken by force – Religious intolerance Defeated Indians flee to Canada

House of Burgesses Founded by Virginia colonists in 1619 First representative body in colonial America Makes laws and raises taxes

Joint Stock Company Wealthy English businessmen share in a company’s profits and losses Took risks exploring New World Formed after obtaining a charter from the King

Mercantilism Economic system: 1. Build colonies 2. Take natural resources 3. Bring back to mother country 4. Manufacture into products 5. Sell products to colonies Purpose = wealth and power

Navigation Acts Only English ships can trade with English colonies Enumerated Articles: (tobacco and sugar) can only be exported to England Results in only English products in America

Triangular Trade

Salutary Neglect Upheaval in England leads to King William and Queen Mary English Bill of Rights Colonists rebel against governors The idea that in the colonies freedom = loyalty to Great Britain Colonists were given too much freedom 3000 mi Colonies England

Great Awakening Religious movement in the mid 1700’s Jonathan Edwards = leading preacher Led to greater freedom in religion, eventually leads colonists to develop their own government

Puritans and Separatists Puritans: – Believe English church follows too many Catholic beliefs – John Winthrop led Puritans to MA, America (Pilgrims) – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson anger Puritans, fleeing to Rhode Island Create a separate church and state Religious tolerance Separatists: – Same motives as Puritans, but instead they decided to make their own church – First travel to Amsterdam, nobody speaks English, so they settle in Massachusetts

Mayflower Compact An agreement made by the first Pilgrims (Puritans) to arrive in the New World – Follow and agree to a government – Idea of self-government eventually leads to American government