Two types of Cloning:

Therapeutic Cloning – the formation of genetically identical cells or organs without making an individual.

Reproductive Cloning – the formation of a genetically identical individual using DNA from just one individual (NO SPERM USED!)

Ethical scientists DON’T Reproductively clone humans.

Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal Section 13-4 A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell Egg Cell The nucleus of the egg cell is removed. An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. The fused cell begins dividing normally. Cloned Lamb Embryo The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. Foster Mother Go to Section:

Flowchart Cloning Section 13-4 A body cell is taken from a donor animal. An egg cell is taken from a donor animal. The nucleus is removed from the egg. The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock. The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo. The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother. The embryo develops into a cloned animal. Go to Section:

Concept Map Selective Breeding Section 13-1 Go to Section: consists of Inbreeding Hybridization which crosses which crosses Similar organisms Dissimilar organisms for example for example Organism breed A Organism breed B which which Retains desired characteristics Combines desired characteristics Go to Section:

Steps of Genetic Modification Genetic Modification -Occurs when humans manipulate an organism’s genetic make-up. 1. Identify the gene for the desired trait and extract it from the DNA. 2. Insert this gene into a bacteria cell’s genetic material and let the bacteria reproduce. 3. Remove the modified genetic material from many bacteria cells and insert it into a plant cell. 4. Allow the plant to grow and develop and produce new offspring. 5. All cells of the new offspring should have the desired trait. http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/flash/gmgame.swf