1. Cell Transformation, Transgenic Organisms & Cloning

2. Cell Transformation, Transgenic Organisms, & Cloning
Put DNA back into living cells
Transformation – cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA

3. Transforming Plant Cells
When cell walls removed, plant cells will sometimes take up DNA on their own
DNA can also be injected into cells
Cells transformed by either process can be cultured to produce adult plants
If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of cell

4. Transforming Animal Cells
Can be transformed in some of same ways as plant cells
Egg cells large enough to inject DNA
Enzymes responsible for DNA repair (DNA Polymerase) help to insert foreign DNA into chromosomes
Through transformation, it is possible to replace genes

5. Transgenic Organisms & Cloning
Organisms that contain genes from other organisms using transformation techniques = transgenic organism

6. Transgenic Plants Important part of food supply
Genetically modified foods – 45% of corn grown in US
Plants contain a natural insecticide or resist weed-killing chemicals
May soon produce human antibodies to help fight disease

7. Transgenic Animals Study genes and improve food supply
Growth hormone gene in livestock to grow faster and produce less fatty meat
May soon produce supply of human proteins in milk

8. Cloning
Clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Nucleus of egg removed and fused with a cell from another organism. Fused cell divides and embryo placed into a foster mother
May find use in medical and scientific research, but raises serious ethical issues…

9. Cloning A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

10. Cloning Donor Nucleus Fused Cell Egg Cell Embryo Cloned Lamb
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder.
Donor Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Cloned Lamb
Embryo
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.
Foster Mother

11. Cloning