1. More on Genetics

2. ______________________- use desired traits to produce the next generation-example-selectively breeding dogs,horses,plants
______________________crossing dissimilar individuals—often useful in plants
________________________-continued breeding of of individuals w/similar characteristics
inbreeding
Selective breeding
hybridization

3. Restriction enzymes Genetic engineering genomes
Mutations are a source of genetic variation
DNA extraction-add chemicals that cause DNA to uncoil from histones and burst out of nucleus
________________________________-making changes in the DNA code of an organism
_________________________________are used to cut DNA into fragments and gel electrophoresis is used to compare ____________________,or gene composition
Restriction enzymes
Genetic engineering
genomes

4. plasmids clone transgenics karyotypes
Recombinant DNA
________________________-DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
__________________In the process of transforming bacteria,the foreign DNA is joined to this small,circular DNA
_____________________-contain genes from other species---used for making insulin….
A _____________is a member of a population of genetically identical cells from a single source
___________________________is a picture of chromosomes arranged in ordered pairs
plasmids
clone
transgenics
karyotypes

5. Recognition sequences
Restriction Enzymes
Section 13-2
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments.
Sticky end
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6. Recognition sequences
Restriction Enzymes
Section 13-2
Recognition sequences
DNA sequence
Restriction enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments.
Sticky end
Go to Section:

7. Figure 13-6 Gel Electrophoresis
Section 13-2
Power source
DNA plus restriction enzyme
Longer fragments
Shorter fragments
Mixture of DNA fragments
Gel
Go to Section:

8. Figure 13-7 DNA Sequencing
Section 13-2
Fluorescent dye
Single strand of DNA
Strand broken after A
Strand broken after C
Strand broken after G
Strand broken after T
Power source
Gel
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9. Figure 13-9 Making Recombinant DNA
Section 13-3
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
DNA recombination
Human Cell
Sticky ends
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
Plasmid
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10. Figure 13-10 Plant Cell Transformation
Section 13-3
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Gene to be transferred
Cellular DNA
Inside plant cell, Agrobacterium inserts part of its DNA into host cell chromosome
Recombinant plasmid
Plant cell colonies
Transformed bacteria introduce plasmids into plant cells
Complete plant is generated from transformed cell
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11. Flowchart Cloning Section 13-4
A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.
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12. Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal
Section 13-4
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder.
Donor Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Cloned Lamb
Embryo
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.
Foster Mother
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13. karyotypes

14. pedigree
_______________________-chart that shows a relationship within a family,usually tracking one trait

15. Figure 14-3 A Pedigree Section 14-1 Go to Section:
A circle represents a female.
A square represents a male.
A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage.
A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children.
A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait.
A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait.
A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait.
Go to Section:

16. HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS-
Rh-single gene w/2 alleles---+ and -/+ is dominant
ABO blood groups – genes---IA,IB,and I or A,B,O

17. Figure 14-4 Blood Groups Section 14-1 Go to Section: Safe Transfusions
Phenotype
(Blood Type
Antigen on
Red Blood Cell
Genotype To
From
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18. Autosomal Disorders-Albinism,Cysytic Fibrosis,Galactosemia,PKU,Tay-Sachs
Achondroplasia,Huntington’s.hypercholesterolemia,Sickle-cell disease
23 pairs of human chromosomes
Xx=female and xy=male

19. Sex-linked genes:
colorblindness is on x chromosome-rarely expressed in females
hemophilia on x
muscular Dystrophy

20. Chromosomal Disorder:
___________________-homologous chromosomes fail to separate
__________________-trisomy 21
Turners-only x
Klinefelter’s xxy,xxxy,xxxxy
Down syndrome
nondijunction

22. Figure 14-8 The Cause of Cystic Fibrosis
Section 14-1
Chromosome # 7
CFTR gene
The most common allele that causes cystic fibrosis is missing 3 DNA bases. As a result, the amino acid phenylalanine is missing from the CFTR protein.
Normal CFTR is a chloride ion channel in cell membranes. Abnormal CFTR cannot be transported to the cell membrane.
The cells in the person’s airways are unable to transport chloride ions. As a result, the airways become clogged with a thick mucus.
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23. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Nondisjunction
Section 14-2
Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis I:
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
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24. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Nondisjunction
Section 14-2
Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis I:
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Go to Section:

25. Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Nondisjunction
Section 14-2
Homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Meiosis I:
Nondisjunction
Meiosis II
Go to Section:

26. Figure 14-13 Colorblindness
Section 14-2
Father
(normal vision)
Normal vision
Colorblind
Male
Female
Daughter
(normal vision)
Son
(normal vision)
Mother (carrier)
Daughter
(carrier)
Son
(colorblind)
Go to Section:

27. Figure 14-13 Colorblindness
Section 14-2
Father
(normal vision)
Normal vision
Colorblind
Male
Female
Daughter
(normal vision)
Son
(normal vision)
Mother (carrier)
Daughter
(carrier)
Son
(colorblind)
Go to Section:

28. DNA fingerprinting

29. Figure 14-18 DNA Fingerprinting
Section 14-3
Restriction enzyme
Chromosomes contain large amounts of DNA called repeats that do not code for proteins. This DNA varies from person to person. Here, one sample has 12 repeats between genes A and B, while the second sample has 9 repeats.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into fragments containing genes and repeats. Note that the repeat fragments from these two samples are of different lengths.
The DNA fragments are separated according to size using gel electrophoresis. The fragments containing repeats are then labeled using radioactive probes. This produces a series of bands—the DNA fingerprint.
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30. Figure 14-21 Gene Therapy Normal hemoglobin gene
Section 14-3
Bone marrow cell
Normal hemoglobin gene
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Bone marrow
Genetically engineered virus
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31. Human Genome project-analyze human DNA sequence

32. Last blank is stem cells