The Protestant Reformation & The Spread of Protestantism Chapter 5 Section 3 & 4: The Protestant Reformation & The Spread of Protestantism

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation Renaissance values of humanism & secularism led to criticism of the Catholic Church’s extravagance In Germany, the movement for church reform led to a split in the Church (a new form of Christianity – Protestantism) Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) German monk, taught at University of Wittenberg believed that a person could be saved simply by faith in God’s mercy & love (this idea became know as justification by faith) Luther’s beliefs brought him into conflict w/ the Catholic Church At the same time Pope Leo X was raising money by selling church positions & indulgences indulgences – certificates issued by the Church that reduced or canceled punishments for a person’s sins

Luther began preaching against the sell of indulgences & other practices that he considered corrupt Oct. 31, 1517 - Luther nailed his “Ninety-Five Theses” to the door of the Wittenberg church theses - arguments arranged to support a particular view Many Germans agreed w/ Luther & broke from the Church’s influence 1520 - a papal bull was issued against Luther, ordering him to take back what he had written papal bull - serious decree issued by the pope marked by his seal or “bulla” 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Church Later that year, the Edict of Worms was issued, making Luther an outlaw in the Holy Roman Empire Luther laid the foundation of the 1st Protestant faith: Lutheranism

Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism As the Protestant Reformation swept through Europe, some countries took to Luther’s ideas and others still supported the Catholic Church Switzerland John Calvin (1509 – 1564) French theology student fled to Switzerland to escape religious persecution Calvinists rejected all rituals of the Catholic church Calvin ruled in Switzerland, leader of a theocracy theocracy – government led by a church Under Calvin’s rule, luxury & games were seen as sinful “Idle hands are the Devil’s playthings.” Calvinists were called Huguenots in France & Puritans in England

1527 - Henry VIII wanted a divorce & the pope would not grant it England Quarrels between the pope & King Henry VIII started the Reformation in England. 1527 - Henry VIII wanted a divorce & the pope would not grant it 1534 - Church of England (Anglican Church) was established Anglicans had the same beliefs as Catholics, but the king of England was the head of the church, not the pope Henry’s son, Edward IV died in his teens & his sister Mary took over rule of England Mary became queen & tried to restore Catholicism, burning hundreds of Protestants at the stake earned her the nickname “Bloody Mary” 1558 – Mary died & her half sister, Elizabeth I, became queen Elizabeth made the Anglican Church protestant w/ some Catholic features, distancing its relationship to the old Church of Rome.