Ethnic Conflict Rwanda and the 100 Days

Last Class In our last class, among other things, we: Today: Discussed the moral aspects of the nationalist-separatist arguments Covered several models of moral secession Today: We will be briefly discussing The 100 Days of 1994

Roméo Dallaire When first asked to lead the UN peacekeeping mission to Rwanda, Dallaire famously responded: “Rwanda, that’s in Africa somewhere, right?”

Roméo Dallaire Lieutenant-General Roméo Alain Dallaire, OC, CMM, LM, GOQ, MSC, CD, B.Sc, LL.D. OC = Order of Canada CMM = Order of Military Merit, Canada LM = Legion of Merit, US GOQ = National Order of Quebec MSC = Meritorious Service Decoration, Canada CD = Canadian Forces Decoration B.Sc. = Bachelor of Science LL.D. = Doctor of Laws (Honorary)

Rwandan Genocide Over 500,000 Tutsis killed (800,000 –1,000,000) Officially: 937,000 Unknown thousands of moderate Hutus killed Perpetrating militias: Interahamwe Impuzamugambi

Rwandan Genocide The “One Hundred Days”: April 6, 1994 – July 18, 1994

UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda Began October 1993 To implement the Arusha Peace Agreement signed on August 4, 1993 Ended the civil war in Rwanda Between: Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) and the Rwanda government RPF: Tutsi rebels bent on overthrowing the government Power-sharing agreement

Rwandan Timeline 1400’s: Area held Hutu, Tutsi, and Batwa (a pygmy people) Tutsi from further north invaded and created a feudal system in the area Tutsi were the rulers, Hutu were the workers, and the Batwa were the court jesters 1895: Became part of German East Africa Did not change existing power structures

Rwandan Timeline 1918: League of Nations Mandate to Belgium Did not change existing power structures 1933: Belgium required self-identification of ethnicity on the identity cards (Tutsi, Hutu, Twa) 1945: Ruanda-Urundi became UN Trust Territory with Belgium as administrative authority

Rwandan Timeline 1948: King Rudahigwa abolished the feudal system and the guaranteed control of cattle by the Tutsis Land and political reforms continued throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s Each reform reduced Tutsi power 1959: King forced to Uganda Tutsis rebelled and killed tried to kill the Hutu prime minister

Rwandan Timeline 1959: Hutus responded by killing 20,000 – 100,000 Tutsis 1960: Rwanda becomes a republic 1962: Rwanda becomes independent 1964: Small-scale uprising against Hutus by Tutsis Became legal for a Hutu to kill a Tutsi

Rwandan Timeline 1973: Coup installed Maj. Gen. Juvénal Habyarimana, a Hutu Thousands of Tutsis died in the aftermath 1990: President Habyarimana promises to create a multi-party democracy in Rwanda October 1, RPF invade from Uganda to overthrow government

One Hundred Days 1994 April 6 Plane carrying President Juvénal Habyarimana shot down over Kigali Hutus, with help of government and RAF, began killing Tutsis and Hutu sympathizers

One Hundred Days Dallaire ordered 10 Belgium soldiers to protect the new prime minister Found dead the next day Belgium withdrew its forces Dallaire requested 4,000 UN troops to quell the situation UN Security Council voted to reduce the UNAMIR force to 260.

One Hundred Days Dallaire took his 260 troops and created a safe haven for Tutsis in a few Kigali neighborhood Reports coming out of Rwanda forced the UNSC to reverse its action and increase the forces in Kigali to 5500 Operation Turquoise (June 23) Yeas: 10; Nays: 0; Abstentions: 5 Set up in the Southwest of the country Genocide still existed in the Turquoise Zone

One Hundred Days July 18, the RPF entered Kigali and the genocide ended

Afterword July 20, 2000: Dallaire found under park bench and rushed to hospital Interaction between alcohol and anti-depressants “Park Bench” episode led to questioning the rules of engagement followed by UN forces

Assignment Taras and Ganguly: 70 – 75 Research Question due on Monday Identify the question (factor) you will be examining. Write about two pages describing to me why the question is important, which ethnic group and state you will use to answer your question, why that group is relevant, and at least ten academic sources from this millennium you can use.