Age of Jefferson Unit IIIA AP United States History

Thomas Jefferson (D-R) ( )  Plantation and slave owner from Virginia  Statesman  Assemblyman  Declaration of Independence  Governor  Minister to France  Secretary of State  Vice-President  President  Democratic-Republican  Founded the party in opposition to Alexander Hamilton’s Federalists  Kentucky Resolution  Inaugural Address  “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”  “Renaissance Man”  Inventor, philosopher, architect, scientist

What is Jeffersonianism?  Republicanism and Civic Virtue  Civic duty  Voting and efficacy  Right to education  Natural Elites  Resist corruption  Federalism and States’ Rights  Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullification  Strict constitutionalist  Dominant legislature, weak judiciary  Economic coercion over standing armies  Yeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens  Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtue  Agriculture Over Manufacture/Industry  Responsibility of subsistence  Dependence led to class conflict  Empire of Liberty and Foreign Policy  America’s responsibility to spread democracy  Avoid entangling alliances  Society  Republican motherhood; absent from politics  Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages)  Black inferiority and white superiority  Separation of Church and State

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?  Consider the following historical concepts and events in regards to the question…  The Federal Judiciary  Louisiana Purchase  Barbary/Tripoli Pirates  Embargo Act of 1807

First Political Party System ( ) ► Federalists  National policies  Strong central government  Loose constructionists  Commerce and manufacturing  Urban  The rich, the well-born, the able; merchants, bankers  Pro-British ► Anti-French revolution  Northeast ► Democratic-Republicans  States rights  Strong local/state governments  Strict constructionists  Agricultural  Rural  Small farmers, plantation owners, artisans  Anti-British ► Pro-French Revolution  West and South Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson and the Federal Judiciary  Midnight Judges  Judiciary Act of 1801  Adams (F) last minute federal judicial appointments  Marbury v. Madison (1803)  Judicial review  “It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.” – Chief Justice John Marshall  Impeachments  John Pickering  Associate Justice Samuel Chase

Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase (1803)  Napoleon’s Plans  Jefferson’s Plan  Brokered a deal for $15 million  Doubles the size of the United States  Federalist opposition  Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates  Washington and Adams  Paid bribes to Barbary states to avoid piracy  Jefferson  Barbary states increase bribes  U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched  Treaty reached in American favor

Jefferson and the Embargo Act  Napoleonic Wars  Britain vs France  British and French impressment of Americans  HMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake  Embargo Act of 1807  Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports  Economic impact on Americans

Election of 1808  James Madison (D-R)  Charles Pinckney (F)  Federalists gained congressional seats

James Madison (D-R) ( )  Napoleonic Wars  Impressment continues  Non-intercourse Act of 1809  Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)  Western Frontier  Alleged British influence on Natives  Native wars  War of 1812

Causes of the War of 1812  United States vs. Great Britain  British impressment  Alleged British influence in the western frontier  War Hawks in Congress  John C. Calhoun  Henry Clay  Opposition to War  Federalists  Old guard Dem-Reps  New England and merchants

War of 1812 British Invasion  Chesapeake Campaign  Invasion of Washington D.C.  Burning of the White House  Nature FTW  Fort McHenry and Baltimore  Star-Spangled Banner and Francis Scott Key

“Old Ironsides” 42 Wins 0 Losses - Constructed in Still in commission

War of 1812 Battles with Frontier Natives  Tecumseh’s War  Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)  Battle of the Thames (1813)  Creek War  Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

End of the War  End of Napoleonic Wars  Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)  Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)

Hartford Convention (1814)  Platform  Federal economic assistance for New England  2/3 congressional majority for embargoes, state admission, and declaration of war  Rescind the Three-Fifths Compromise  One-term president and no same-state successor  Talk of secession by radicals  After War of 1812  Perceived as traitors  Effectively weakened as a national party

War of 1812’s Impact  Growth of nationalism  Ushered in an “Era of Good Feelings”  Domestic industrial and manufacturing development  Emphasis on national infrastructure  Promotion of professional military  International respect  Natives significantly weakened  Increased drive to expand west

Era of Good Feelings Unit IIIB AP U.S. History

A National Perception Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square John Lewis Krimmel, 1819

Era of Good Feelings – POL James Monroe (D-R) ( )

Era of Good Feelings – POL The Marshall Court  McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)  Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary and proper”  States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause  Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)  Increased federal government’s interstate commerce authority Chief Justice John Marshall

Era of Good Feelings – POL The Great Triumvirate WEST Henry Clay of Kentucky SOUTH John C. Calhoun of South Carolina NORTH Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

Era of Good Feelings – POL Missouri Compromise (1820)  Proposed by Henry Clay  Missouri admitted as slave state  Maine admitted as free state  Establish Latitude 36 30’ Line  North of the line is free  South of the line is slave  “Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” - Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Era of Good Feelings – WOR Monroe Doctrine (1823)  U.S. and Great Britain concerned about European expansion into Americas  John Q. Adams authored  Points  Americas no longer to subject to European colonization  Europe must not interfere with sovereignty of independent nations in Americas

America’s Market Revolution  Subsistence farming to market specialization  Free enterprise system  Capital investment and state charters  Development of state and national infrastructure and networks

America’s Market Economy – WXT Cumberland Road

America’s Market Economy – WXT Erie Canal

America’s Market Economy – WXT The Clermont

America’s Market Economy – WXT Railroad  Faster and durable form of transportation  Introduced in late 1820s  Only small lines between major regional cities

America’s Market Economy – WXT Telegraph  Samuel Morse in 1844  Information becomes widespread  Efficient control and administration of politics, business, transportation, markets

America’s Market Economy – WXT

America’s Market Economy - WXT

America’s Market Economy – WXT Innovations Steam engine Interchangeable parts Spinning jenny Cotton gin

America’s Market Economy: Agriculture and Cotton  Evolution of Cotton  Technological Advancements  Eli Whitney’s cotton gin  Improved transportation  King Cotton  Impact of Improved Agriculture  Regional specialization  Increased drive for western expansion  Increased demand for slavery

America’s Market Economy: Industry and the Factory System  Evolution of Textiles  Putting-out system  Technological advancements  Samuel Slater  Lowell System  Vertically integrated system  Boardinghouses  Recruitment of young women  Impact of Industrialization  Increased output  Opportunities for unskilled labor  Weakened artisans  Increased urbanization  Increased American competitiveness

America’s Market Economy - WXT The American System  Henry Clay’s Plan  Protective tariffs  Develop domestic industries  Source of federal revenue including infrastructure projects  Tariff of 1816  Rate of 20-25%  National bank  Facilitate commerce and credit systems  Second Bank of the United States (BUS) (1816)  Infrastructure  National roads, canals, internal improvements  Improved transportation connected and expanded markets

America’s Market Economy – WXT Panic of 1819  Causes  Western land speculation  War inflation then post-war deflation  BUS pursued contractionary monetary policy  Aftermath  First recession of market economy  Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs  Southern farmers demanded low tariffs  Westerners criticized speculators and bankers

United States c. 1824