THE CRUSADES Global History Honors: Spiconardi

Reasons for the Crusades  Pope wanted to increase his power  Christians believed they could gain salvation (entry into Heaven) if they fought  Control of Jerusalem  Nobles saw land opportunities to start their own kingdoms  Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression  Adventure

Bernard of Clairvaux & the Second Crusade  The First Crusade was moderately successful  Historians believe this was due to infighting among Sunni and Shiite Muslims  Latin states were established in Antioch, Edessa, and Jerusalem  Muslims & Jews slaughtered  Native Christians kicked out  In 1145, Edessa is recaptured by Muslims  A call for a new crusade goes out  No popular enthusiasm for a second crusade Pope Eugene commissions a monk, Bernard of Clairvaux, to preach the Second Crusade He is successful in recruiting kings to take arms, but…

Bernard of Clairvaux & the Second Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)  Saladin  United a great deal of the Muslim world under the practices of Sunni Islam (becomes sultan of Egypt and Syria)  Well respected by Christians Seen as fair & chivalrous Often freed Christian prisoners  Captures most Crusader cities in response to raids on Muslims by Raynald, a knight and Prince of Antioch

The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)  Siege of Jerusalem (1187)  Saladin offers a peaceful surrender of the city  Balian, the highest ranking lord in Jerusalem, is convinced by citizens to not surrender & fight back  After 13 days of fighting, Balian surrenders & hands over keys of Jerusalem's citadel to Saladin The fall of Jerusalem inspires the Third Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)  The Christians  Richard The Lionheart, King of England Anti-Semitic Slaughtered 2700 Muslims at Acre  Frederick of Barbarosa, Holy Roman Emperor  Philip II, King of France

The Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)  Outcome  Richard becomes leader of crusade after Frederick’s death & Philip’s return to France  Needed to return to England to deal w/his brother’s planned usurpation  Negotiates a peace with Saladin that would allow Christian pilgrims safe passage to Jerusalem  Once again, it was a failure for Christians

The Children’s Crusade  The Children’s Crusade  Thousands of children were set out to the Holy land with no arms.  Believed God would give them Jerusalem  Children die of cold, starvation or drowning  Some were sold into slavery

Impact of the Crusades  Despite being a failure for the Christians…  Returning crusaders inspire interest in the East  Trade increases = Cultural Diffusion  Increase in religious intolerance  New Religious Orders Founded  Templars  protect pilgrims traveling to Holy Land  Hospitalers  cared for sick pilgrims  Kings power increases as Nobles’ power decreases  Feudalism weakened  Rent is paid instead of services provided

3…2…1  Identify 3 effects of the crusades  Identify 2 causes of the crusades  Identify 1 difference between the First Crusade and the Second & Third Crusades