Chapter 3 and 4 Enlightenment, Great Awakening, French And Indian War, Causes of the American Revolution

How did people earn a living in the North? Grew several crops Wheat, fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding. Ports: Boston, Philadelphia, New York Problems: overcrowded cities, lack of clean water, fire, diseases, poverty

What groups of people lived in the Northern colonies? Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Scandinavians, and Jews. Free Africans faced racial prejudice Lack of rights for women

What was the Enlightenment? Philosophical movement using reason and science to find the truth. Began in Europe (John Locke-natural rights, Voltaire, Montesquieu) Ben Franklin- represented the American Enlightenment.

Enlightenment (continued) Effects of Enlightenment: people should have natural rights protected by the government. Emphasis on science weakened religion. Importance of individual Question authority

What was the Great Awakening? Led by Jonathan Edwards Religious revival to bring people back to the Puritan vision. Challenged the authority of established churches. Created new denominations: Baptists and Methodists Stressed emotion Importance of individual and question authority

Why were the French in North America? Colonies in Canada, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River Valley. Fur traders and Catholic priests Good relations with American Indians

What caused the French and Indian War (1754-1763)? British and French fought over the Ohio River Valley Territory. Young George Washington was fighting for the British. 1754- Ben Franklin helped to unite colonies with the Albany Plan.

What happened during the French and Indian War? 1757- William Pitt led the British to defeat the French in many battles (Ft. Duquesne) Iroquois helped British. 1759- British defeated French in Quebec. 1763- Treaty of Paris signed. France gave up land east of Mississippi and Canada

What happened after the French and Indian War? Ottawa chief Pontiac challenged the British and the British infected the American Indians with small pox. Proclamation of 1763- forbid colonists west of the Appalachians. Colonists unhappy.

What made the colonists angry at Britain? New laws that required searches of homes. British troop presence Taxes by Prime Minister George Grenville to pay off debt. 1764- Sugar Act passed (cut import tax on molasses, tax on imported goods, enforced smuggling laws, single judge without a jury could find smugglers guilty.

Why did the colonists protest Britain’s taxes? 1765- Stamp Act (colonists had to buy and place stamps on items like wills, playing cards) Directly taxed the people. Sons of Liberty led by Samuel Adams led boycotts. (No taxation without representation) Patrick Henry(Virginian)- “Give me Liberty or give me Death.”

What were the Townshend Acts? Passed in 1767. Placed taxes on glass, paint, lead and tea. Protest by colonists led to British troops being stationed.

What was the Boston Massacre (1770)? Group of Boston protesters threw snow balls at British soldiers. The soldiers fired and killed 5 colonists including African American Crispus Attucks.

What were the committees of correspondence? Allowed colonies to communicate with one another. Helped unite colonies.

What was the Boston Tea Party (1773)? Colonists were angry at another tea tax passed with the Tea Act. Sons of Liberty dressed as American Indians dumped thousands of pounds of tea in Boston Harbor.

What were the Intolerable or Coercive Acts (1774)? Boston Tea Party angered King George III. Parliament passed these acts that put Boston under martial law and closed Boston Harbor.

What happened at Lexington and Concord (1775)? 1st Battle of the American Revolution Minutemen- colonial civilian soldiers British seize weapons at Concord Paul Revere warned the British were coming. Lexington lasted 15 minutes. Concord many British soldiers were killed.

What was the Second Continental Congress (1775)? Urged independence from Great Britain Created Continental Army under the leadership of George Washington. Approved the Olive Branch and then the Declaration of Independence.

What was the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)? More than 1,000 British soldiers killed. Colonists lost 311 men. Deadliest battle of the war. “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes”

What was the Olive Branch Petition (1775)? Continental Congress sent a peace offering to King George III. Return to harmony prior to the war. Rejected by King George III. Ordered Parliament to blockade America.

What was the importance of Common Sense (1776)? Written by Thomas Paine in January 1776. Independence would lead to a better American society. Colonies had outgrown relationship with Britain.

What are the main ideas of the Declaration of Independence? Written July 4 1776 by Thomas Jefferson. Used Enlightenment theories of natural rights from John Locke. Social contract of government Right to Revolution Consent of the governed “All men are created equal”

Who were the Patriots? Those colonists who supported independence from England. Only 1/3 of colonists were Patriots. Farmers, landowners, artisans, merchants, Quakers, some African Americans.

Who were the Loyalists? Supported the British and were loyal to the King. Also called Tories. Felt the King could protect their rights better than the colonial government. 1/3 of colonists were Loyalists. Most American Indians and some African Americans supported the British.