Chapter 11, Lesson 4 Catholics & Protestants It Matters Because: The struggle between Catholics & Protestants during the Reformation shaped the churches that we know today.

I. The Catholic Reformation A. Catholics saw Protestant Church emerging & took steps to reform their own church 1. Council of Trent supported many Catholic beliefs but changed others 2. Ended sale of indulgences 3. Enforced strict behavior code for priests & bishops 4. Set up schools called seminaries for training new priests B. The Jesuits, tried to bring Protestants back through teaching C. Teresa of Avila, a Spanish nun, opened convents in Spain & wrote books of wisdom

II. Spain A. Catholicism remained strong in Spain 1. Spain’s rulers began to distrust Europe’s Protestant countries B. Spain united under Catholic rulers Ferdinand & Isabella C. Under Muslim rule, Christians & Jews paid special taxes, were free to practice religion D. Spain’s rulers forced Jews & Muslims to convert or leave Spain 1. Few converted, most left 2. Began the Inquisition to enforce Catholic laws & royal orders

III. The Spanish Inquisition A. A religious court to try & punish people accused of heresy 1. Heresy - religious belief or claim that contradicts church teaching 2. Used torture to force confessions B. In 1492, Spain ordered all Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain C. 1502, same order issued to Muslims D. Most left rather than convert

IV. Religious Wars A. By mid-1500s, most N. Europeans were Protestant, most in S. Europe were Catholic B. Rulers used religion to unite their people 1. Country’s subjects expected to practice ruler’s faith C. Religious differences led to wars between countries 1. Under Elizabeth I, England became leading Protestant power in Europe 2. Spain was leading Catholic power at this time 3. When England supported Dutch rebellion against Spain, Spanish King Phillip II invaded England

IV. Religious Wars A. Spain’s mighty fleet of huge warships known as the Spanish Armada 1. Sailed from Spain to invade England 2. Forced to break formation to navigate the narrow English Channel 3. Smaller, more nimble English ships outmaneuvered Spain’s large ships 4. Forced them to retreat B. England gained respect of the continent as defenders of their island nation and the Protestant faith

IV. Religious Wars A. France was divided by traditional Catholics and wealthy Calvinists called Huguenots B. When 10-year-old Charles became king, his mother, Catherine de Medici (daughter of Lorenzo), ruled for him 1. Civil war broke out when Catherine tried to please both sides C. Huguenot Henry of Navarre became King, converted to Catholicism to please the majority 1. Issued Edict of Nantes, making France officially Catholic, but legalizing Protestantism

V. The Thirty Years’ War A. Involved nearly all of Europe 1618-1648 B. Protestant nobles in central Europe rebelled against Catholic King 1. Other Protestant rulers joined, and Holy Roman Empire erupted in civil war 2. Sweden, Denmark, Spain, France also all became involved C. When fighting ended, Spain & Holy Roman Empire was weakened, France was stronger