Newborns = two emotions ◦ Distress & contentment Happiness = Social smile ◦ Occurs when seeing a face Anger = frustration Sadness = withdrawal & stress Social fear ◦ Stranger wariness ◦ Separation anxiety These changes gradually develop during the first year.
I am separate from others Mirror rouge test Me & mine Generally develops during the second year
Emotions become more sophisticated as the cortex and memory develops Stress can effect the parts of the brain related to emotions ◦ Hypothalamus ◦ Amygdala
Temperament = Genetic predispositions ◦ Shyness & aggression ◦ Whether these are expressed is based on experience – culture, childrearing methods, etc. ◦ Harsh parenting combined with a negative temperament can create antisocial, destructive children. Personality traits = Learned ◦ Honesty and humility Adults who are extroverts, agreeable, and positive = warmer, more competent parents.
Freud Oral stage (1 st. Yr.) ◦ E.g. Breast-feeding ◦ Oral fixation E.g. Fingernail biting, smoking, overeating Anal (2 nd. Yr.) ◦ Bowels ◦ Self-controlled Anal personality ◦ Most people disagree with this idea ◦ Toilet training – Later age = less time
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy (independence & self-rule) vs. shame and doubt
Emotions & personality ◦ Based on reinforcement & punishment by parents Social learning ◦ Albert Bandura ◦ Bobo doll experiment ◦ Children express emotions as they see others do
Working models ◦ A set of assumptions that children use as a frame of reference ◦ People are warm & friendly ◦ People can never be trusted Interpretation of experiences is most crucial
Culture is most important Proximal (close) parenting ◦ Much body contact ◦ Children become More compliant Less independent More separation & stranger anxiety Distal (far) parenting ◦ Less body contact ◦ Children become Less obedient More independent Less separation & stranger anxiety
Attachment ◦ Proximity-seeking Following caregivers ◦ Contact maintaining Touching, snuggling, holding Social referencing ◦ Toddlers referring to parental emotions & actions to evaluate a situation E.g. eating new foods Crossing the street