2. Social Development An example of a critical period in the social development of children is emotional attachments to primary caregivers during the 1 st year. A sign that an emotional bond has been made = separation anxiety This first appears around 8-12 months and then peaks at 18 months.

3. Social Development ( continued ) Secure attachment can have lasting effects. Infants with secure attachment at age one, later show the following traits: curiosity problem solving skills social competence Children with severe attachment problems do not learn to trust and care about others.

4. Harry Harlow Surrogate mother research “Contact comfort”

5. Differing Influences of Moms and Dads Maternal Influence – Caregiver – Nurturance – Comfort – Verbal stimulation Paternal Influence – Exploration – Risk-taking – Action – Sound effects

6. Erik Erikson Stages of Psychosocial Development

7. Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development Each stage named according to the possible outcomes of a particular “crisis” The crisis represents an issue everyone faces Each stage builds on the previous stages

8. Stage 1: TRUST vs. MISTRUST Birth – 1 ½ years Goal: To develop confidence in people Infants need to feel that the world is orderly and predictable – I can trust that someone will be there to take care of me.

9. Stage 1: TRUST vs. MISTRUST If an infant is well cared for, she will develop faith in the future, but if she experiences too much uncertainty about being taken care of, she will come to look at the world with fear and suspicion.

10. Stage 2: AUTONOMY vs. DOUBT 1 ½ - 3 years Goal: Self Control The child learns self assertion, but if he receives too much criticism, he will be ashamed of himself and have doubts about his independence.

11. Stage 2: AUTONOMY vs. DOUBT Typically this involves learning to dress themselves, help out around the house, and do things “all by myself!”

12. Stage 3: INITIATIVE vs. GUILT 3 – 6 Years Goal: Responsibility When the child begins to make her own decisions, constant discouragement or punishment could lead to guilt. Children should be encouraged to develop their individual interests.

13. Stage 3: INITIATIVE vs. GUILT They should be free to run, play, and question everything!

14. Stage 4: INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY 6 years – puberty Goal: Competence Most children enter school eager to learn new things and to build their skills. Teachers and parents who push too hard can cut off this eagerness.

15. Stage 4: INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY Children feel inferior when asked to complete tasks beyond their abilities. Too much criticism of a child’s work at this stage can lead to long- term feelings of inferiority.