Chapter 11, Lesson 2 New Ideas & Art It Matters Because: Renaissance artists, scientists, & scholars helped shape the way we see our world.

I. Renaissance Humanism humanism A. New way of thinking about the world developed, humanism Humanism - 1. Humanism - belief in worth of individual & that reason is path to knowledge 2. Gain knowledge through reason, not just faith 3. Based on Greek & Roman ideas B. W. Europeans brought knowledge of Greek & Roman classics back from Middle East after Crusades Petrarch C. Petrarch, considered father of Renaissance humanism, studied Roman writers D. Italians began to restore damaged ruins of Roman statues, buildings, etc.

II. Gutenberg’s Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg A. In 1450s, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type 1. Carved letters could be set, used, reset, and reused 2. Much quicker, cheaper than hand-writing or printing on carved wooden plates B. Gutenberg’s Bible printed in 1455 C. Printing press made books more available 1. Many Europeans began learning to read D. Scholars could share work & ideas spread quickly 1. Information & ideas that once took months or years to travel across Europe now traveled much more quickly E. More books printed in next 50 years than in all of history to that point

III. Renaissance Literature A. Early Renaissance authors used classical Latin language B. Other authors used vernacular languages Dante AlighieriThe Divine Comedy C. Dante Alighieri, Florentine poet, wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian vernacular 1. Describes Dante’s imagined journey through Heaven & Hell 2. Written as political revenge; Dante placed his enemies in Hell to be punished Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales D. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales in English vernacular 1. Stories about people from all classes of society making a religious journey 2. Modern English language spoken today comes from vernacular form used by Chaucer

IV. Renaissance Art A. Renaissance art very different from medieval art 1. Tried to portray people realistically & reveal emotion Gioto 2. Florentine painter Gioto was first to use gesture & facial expression to reveal emotion perspective B. Most important technique was perspective Perspective - 1. Perspective - showing people & objects as they appear at different distances 2. Perfected by Leonardo da Vinci C. Artists like da Vinci studied human anatomy to represent it accurately

V. Leading Artists A was considered Golden Age of Italian painting Leonardo da Vinci B. Leonardo da Vinci considered greatest mind of the Renaissance 1.Considered self an engineer first 2.Pioneered artistic techniques, made many discoveries in science & engineering Michelangelo C. Michelangelo began as a sculptor in Florence 1. Sculpting was his passion; considered it the highest & most challenging form of art 2. Hired by Pope to work at the Vatican Sistine Chapel 3. Painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel with scenes from the Bible

La Pietà Pietà 4. Michelangelo’s La Pietà a. Carved from marble, shows Mary cradling the crucified body of Jesus b. Revered for its intimate depiction of Mary and Jesus c. Blends Renaissance ideal of natural beauty with naturalism d. “Pietà” means “compassion” or “mercy”

5. Michelangelo’s David c. Represents David at the decisive moment he decides to fight the giant, Goliath d. Displayed in Florence today a. Carved from marble, 17 feet tall b. Originally commissioned to da Vinci year-old Michelangelo convinced Florence he was the man for the job.

V. Leading Artists D. Raphael also worked for the Vatican 1. Painted murals in the Pope’s palace School of Athens 2. Known for his painting School of Athens a. Raphael used Leonardo as model for the master teacher & philosopher Plato because of his great respect for da Vinci

V. The Northern Renaissance Jan van Eyck E. Jan van Eyck - skilled oil painter from Fleming The Arnolfini Portrait 1. The Arnolfini Portrait shows a couple in formal setting 2. Praised for its great detail Albrecht Dürer F. Albrecht Dürer - German artist; blended Renaissance techniques with German traditions 1. Known for his engravings 2. Carved on metal or wood, transferred to paper with ink Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 3. Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a famous woodcarving

VI. England’s Theaters Elizabeth I A. English Renaissance reached its peak during reign of Elizabeth I 1. About 1580, first theatres built in England 2. Open air theatres attended by all classes of people William Shakespeare B. William Shakespeare was greatest English playwright 1. Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories 2. Known for Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, etc.