Religious Wars

German Peasant Revolts

Peasant Revolts Follow Luther’s changes Take away prince’s power Issues: laws, customs, taxes Goals: political & economic rights, release from serfdom

Luther’s Response Sympathized but NO support Not social revolutionary “Un-Christian” Supported princes right to crush “Render to unto Caesar what is Caesars”- Luther did not support the revolt

German Princes back Luther 1530 Augsburg Confession Written statement of beliefs seen as act of rebellion against Church and Holy Roman Emperor Leads to War 1555 Peace of Augsburg Ferdinand of Austria German princes decide religion of their kingdoms N. Germany becomes Protestant

Response to Protests Pope uses religious measures HRE Charles V uses military measures Turns on Protestant German princes Protestant German Princes- form Schmalkaldic League as defensive group Had taken land from Church Charles had no help from Catholic princes

Response to Protests 1530 Charles V orders all princes to imperial Diet in Augsburg People must revert back to Catholicism Church will get land back 1555 Peace of Augsburg- (German princes) he he owns lands determines religion Lutheranism, Catholicism Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed

Response to Protests Charles was not happy with peace Wanted unity, not division Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism, chivalry, Church) Crown given up to Philip II and Ferdinand

The Conflict between England and Spain

The Beginning… Philip II supported Mary Queen of Scots (also a Catholic) Upon Mary’s death relations between Spain and England began to decline

Mary Queen of Scots

1558 Elizabeth becomes Queen Elizabeth (Protestant) Spain worried about power of Catholic France Philip hoped to marry Elizabeth (brother-in-law) Elizabeth delayed possibility of marriage to gain diplomatic advantages She had no intention of marrying him

Elizabeth I

Sea Dogs Elizabeth encourages Sea Dogs to raid Spanish treasure fleets coming from Americas Most famous- Sir Francis Drake 1 st to sail around world since Magellan Most popular common man

Defeat of Spanish Armada Philip orders fleet to attack England Causes: Spain angered Drake knighted English helped Dutch Protestants revolt against them Order to execute Mary Philip gathers largest attack force- Invincible Armada

The Plan Attack ship carrying troops returning from Netherlands Then move to invade England July 29, 1588 Spanish Armada sighted off English coast England leaves to meet them

The Spanish Armada

The Strategies Spain- tight formation, closer range battle Short range canons England- knew of Spain’s tactics Fast moving ships Long range canons After 2 weeks- indecisive battles, Spain kept moving up English coast

The Battle Continues… English send 8 unmanned fire ships Spanish panicked and headed toward open water breaking formation England moved in on disorganized Spanish (15 captured) Storm hits- Spanish commander abandons mission 67 of 130 ships return to Spain

Significance of Defeat Decline of Spain’s political power Europe saw battle as Catholics v. Protestants Catholic Reformation suffers set back England’s power increased Free to develop overseas empire Elizabethan Age began

The Conflict Between the Dutch and Spain

1500’s Dutch were enemies of Spain Spain- Catholic feudal system guilds for protection Netherlands- Protestant little feudal influence starting new ways of running a business

Netherlands given to Philip 1559 Philip sends sister Margaret to govern Goals: Raise taxes Stamp out Protestantism Results: Dutch are angered Nationalism, religion, money

1566 Dutch Sea Beggars attack Catholic Church Spanish Response: 20,000 soldiers sent in Heretics killed ( ,500 in one day) Stamp out Protestantism war broke out between Protestant Dutch and Catholic Spaniards

Prince William of Orange (“the Silent”) led Dutch Political not religious William raised as Catholic Initially unsuccessful Desperation= low countries (below sea level) Dikes/floodgates opened (repeated)

The End… 1579 Dutch gain ground 1581 United Provinces of Netherlands becomes independent William wanted state of religious tolerance South Netherlands remains Catholic under Spanish control 1600’s- only European country that accepted all religions (Jews move in)

France- Rule of Catherine de Medici

Who was Catherine? Family from Florence, Italy Valois Dynasty- ruled since 1328 Wife of Henry II Regent for sons (ruled in their name) Ruled because sons incompetent

Religious Conflict Early 16 th century = religious tolerance Calvinist minority (Huguenots) v Catholics (monarchs) Towns divided- attacks on people and churches

Religious Conflict House of Bourbon v. House of Gees (Protestant nobles v. Catholic nobles) Both wanted to overthrow Valois monarchy and start new dynasty civil wars between these groups (compared to England?)

St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre- Background Aug, 22, 1572 Attempted assassination Coligny (Protestant, advisor of King Charles IX)politics Rising power of Protestants Catherine behind Guise plot Catherine feared son’s response and Huguenots reaction Convinced son of Huguenot coup Swift execution of Protestants save Paris

St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots killed in Paris Within 3 days- 20,000 Huguenots killed Massacre began with Catherine’s consent Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II- religious celebration

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Charles IX’s Response “But then you must kill all the Huguenots in France so that none shall be left to reproach me. Kill them all! Kill them all!”

Henry III Last Valois king 15 year rule- During civil war Nobles convert to Protestantism to weaken Catholic king Politiques- strong monarchy, religious tolerance Appeared Guise might take throne Philip II backed Guise and take Paris Henry III had Duke of Guise murdered

More Spanish Influence Philip II defeated Henry II in Holland Wanted to get rid of Protestants Spain had hand picked French king French upset over the influence of Philip II Bourbons driven out of France

The Rule of Henry IV (of Navarre)

Henry IV of Navarre

Henry IV Heir (from medieval King (St.) Louis IX) House of Bourbon (Huguenots) First Bourbon King – support of Protestants and Catholic politiques 9 years of fighting to gain crown Decisive, fearless, clever politician No support from Catholics in Paris 1593 Henry converts (for country)

Henry IV “Paris is worth a mass” 1598 Edict of Nantes- Huguenots could practice in peace 1 st great act of tolerance Church in every town but Paris Toleration officially recognized by ruler Huguenots make strongholds Will lead to Henry’s death (1610)

Henry Rebuilds Henry wanted to restore France’s prosperity/economy Welfare of commoners- “…every peasant will have a chicken in the pot on Sunday.” Never accomplished this Knew of peasant’s hard life Economic advisors- Duke of Sully helped with finances No more Spanish invasions Bourbon line will become Catholic

France Richelieu and Louis XIII

Cardinal Richelieu

Richelieu’s Domestic Policies Campaign against Huguenots 1629 Peace of Alais- no walled cities, political orgs., courts La Rochelle- largest walled city

Dangers to the Crown Independence of Huguenot cities Richelieu not politique- strikes against Huguenots Fear of defiance of King Still could worship

Dangers to the Crown Power of the Hapsburgs Austrian and Spanish Kings (bordered France) 30 Years War= Hapsburgs v. Protestants in Holland and Germany France wants Hapsburgs to lose and therefore support Protestants Richelieu just wants Catholics to reserve right to practice Results: Protestants win 30 Years War (Treaty of Westphalia, Gustavas Adolphus)

Effects of the Thirty Years War ( )

Cause… Protestant mobs riot in Prague, Bohemia Anger because King Ferdinand II was a German-speaking, Austrian Catholic (HAPSBURG) 1619 Ferdinand II became HRE Austrian = national hatred Catholic = threat to religious freedom Hapsburg = threat to Bourbon kings (France) Reaction- army puts down riot, German princes challenge HRE

Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Ferdinand II’s son Peace favored Swedes, French, Protestant enemies France takes Alsace German princes almost independent of HRE Calvinism gained equal status Dutch Republic becomes independent state Sweden gains German land

Long-term Consequences German unity lost HRE no longer holding 300 states together Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain lose power France becomes Europe’s strongest state

Richelieu..the end Bourbons ruled over 100 years Nobles to weak to challenge After death: Edict of Nantes repealed 1685 Protestants leave for Holland where the Commercial Revolution (Capitalism)begins French economy falls when Protestants leave