1. The Religious Wars

2. The Religious Wars
1560 to 1648 wars would be fought over religious issues
Spain is attempting to rid Western Europe of Protestantism
Also fighting the Muslims and Turks
Being pulled in too many different directions with war
France Catholics are threatened by the French Huguenots
Holy Roman Empire re impose Catholicism
The Netherlands loves John Calvin! Becoming more and more Protestant
Controlled by Spain, want to break with Spain
Civil War= Spanish Catholics vs. Dutch Protestants
English Civil War=Puritans vs. Church of England
Who is the most Protestant?

3. Habsburg/Valois Wars
Fought between , not really religious wars but wars over succession.
Habsburg =Holy Roman Empire/ Valois=France
King Charles VIII of France invades part of Italy that belonged to the Holy Roman Empire
Stop fighting and sign the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Ran out of resources
Both feared Protestantism
Results of signing of Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
France keeps H.R.E from controlling all of the Germanic States
France relinquishes all claims to Italy in favor of Habsburg Spain

4. Spain Spanish Religious Wars is a Catholic crusade
Phillip II- (Son of Charles V….So he is a Habsburg)
Rules under the Golden Age of Spain- the 16th Century
Spain at it’s peak: Control Spain, Spanish America, Burgundy and Italy
4 wives: 3 died in Childbirth, most of his children will die at an early age
One of his wives was Queen Mary of England
No children produced during their marriage
El Escorial: Built by Phillip II
Royal palace of Spain that acted as both a Monastery & Mausoleum
Defeats the Turks in the Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean.
Tragic Rule

5. Spain The Dutch Revolt William I of Orange (1533-1584)
The Habsburg family controlled the “low country” since the 15th century
The Netherlands is valuable to Spain because of trade
Spain wants the Dutch to be Catholic
William I of Orange ( )
Lead the Dutch to revolt against the Spanish Catholics
Phillip II will execute any Dutch leaders who sides with Protestants
William I of Orange considered a heretic by Phillip II
Phillip II orders the Duke of Alba to march into the Netherlands to execute any Protestants.
Duke of Alba led the Council of Blood=Inquisition
William I of Orange will lead 7 of the Northern Provinces of the Netherlands against
The southern 10 provinces remain loyal to Phillip II

6. Spain
In 1581, the Dutch are going to declare their independence from the Spanish
The United Provinces of the Netherlands/Dutch Republic
Need help to fight against Spain and Phillip II, the Dutch turn to Queen Elizabeth in England
10 southern provinces will remain loyal to Phillip II and these provinces will be known as the Spanish Netherlands. (Modern-day Belgium)
Northern provinces become the Dutch Republic
The shift of economic centers from Antwerp to Amsterdam is when the Dutch close trading access of the Scheldt River
In 1609 a truce is signed between the United Provinces of the Netherlands and Phillip II

7. Spain vs. England
Queen Mary of England (Bloody Mary) was married to Phillip II of Spain
No Children produced during their marriage
Phillip II proposes to her sister Queen Elizabeth, she denies his proposal
Queen Elizabeth aides the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolts
Phillip II is upset that Elizabeth would aid the Protestants and he wants revenge and to return England to Catholicism
1588, Spanish Armada
130 Spanish ships enter the English Channel and pick up troops in the Spanish Netherlands
Sir Francis Drake of England has the concept of lighting small English ships on fire and sailing into the Spanish Armada
Spanish suffer a crushing blow—1588=Spanish decline/English domination

8. France French Civil Wars were 9 wars from 1562-1598
Francis I is fighting with Charles V in Italy
Protestantism sneaks into France while Francis I is in Italy
Henry II married to Catherine de Medici
Dies in 1559 at the signing Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Treaty which ends the Habsburg/Valois wars and France relinquishes all claims to Italy in favor of Habsburg Spain
Francis II becomes King of France at 15, Catherine de Medici rules as his regent
Power struggle will begin between 3 families for the French crown
Vaolis, Bourbon & Guise
40%-50% of nobles became Protestant to gain independence from the crown

9. France Valois-Catholic—-Bourbon-Protestant----Guise-”super” Catholics
Francis II is married off to Mary Queen of Scots when they are 14
He dies at 16 from an ear infection/brain abscess
Charles IX (Valois) becomes King of France at age 9, Catherine de Medici will rule as his regent
Catherine de Medici as regent offers the Huguenots religious freedoms by allowing worships in open fields.
Upsets the Guise family and reach out to other Catholics for help against Valois & Bourbons
10 year civil war between Catholics and Protestants
Valois & Bourbon’s feeling threatened by the Guise family
Catherine de Medici has her daughter Margaret (Valois) marry Henry of Navarre (Bourbon)

10. France St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
In 1572, Protestants come to the wedding of Henry of Navarre (Protestant, Bourbon) and Margaret de Valois (Catholic, Valois)
Supposed to be the reconciliation between the Catholics and Protestants.
A Huguenot leader was killed a night before the wedding by Henry Guise…..Gruesome…..
Huguenots seek protection from the King and the Valois
Charles IX begins murdering Huguenots, fears Protestant revolt
20,000 Protestants killed
Charles IX felt guilty for the killing of the Protestants
Charles IX dies shortly after of TB….He has no children=no heir

11. France Henry III becomes King of France (brother of Charles IX)
Last Valois King
Henry III=No children, no heir
Line of succession- Henry of Navarre (Husband of his sister)
War of the Three Henry’s
Henry III- Valois King
Henry of Navarre- Husband of Margaret de Medici (Protestant)
Henry Duke of Guise- Super Catholic
Henry III has Henry the Duke of Guise assassinated
Henry III will be assassinated in return
Henry of Navarre becomes Bourbon King of France
Henry IV is the first Bourbon King of France

12. France Henry IV is Politique just like Queen Elizabeth I of England
Protestant but he is going to what is most advantageous for him
Henry IV converts to Catholicism-politically advantageous for him as King
First order as a Catholic he will issue the Edict of Nantes
Allows certain religious freedoms to Huguenots
Allows for private worship (except super Catholic towns=Paris)
Creates 200 fortified towns for Huguenots for protection from Catholics
Protestants can hold public office and go to Universities
Gives Huguenots more religious protection than any other group in Europe at the time.

13. Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Most important war of the 17th century!
Peace of Augsburg of 1555 failed...worked for a while, but failed
Fails to include Calvinist
Thirty Years War occurs in 4 Stages:
Bohemia Phase
Danish Phase
Swedish Phase
French Phase
Bohemian Phase ( )
Begins with the Defenestration of Prague
Ferdinand II- Holy Roman Emperor a.k.a King of Bohemia begins restricting Protestantism in the Bohemia and begins closing Protestant churches
Two representatives of the H.R.E meet with the Protestants to discuss issues

14. Thirty Years War Bohemian Phase cont. Catholics win the Bohemian Phase
Two H.R.E Representatives are literally thrown out the window of the meeting.
Holy Roman Emperor starts killing protestants in response
H.R.E will even hire mercenary soldiers to help fight against Protestants
Catholics win the Bohemian Phase
Protestant nations will begin assisting Protestants of Bohemia
Danish Phase ( )
King Christian IV (Lutheran) of Denmark to assist the Protestants
Albrecht von Wallenstein (Protestant) paid by Ferdinand II (H.R.E) to fight against the Protestants
Ferdinand II will issue the Edict of Restitution stating any lands taken away from the Catholic Church will return to the church
Danish Phase is the height for Catholics
Will outlaw Calvinism and the Anabaptist-Allow Lutheranism (P.o.A)

15. Thirty Years War cont. Swedish Phase (1630-1635)
Successful at first by liberating lands seized by Catholics during the Danish phase
Ferdinand II fires Albrecht von Wallenstein…questioned loyalty
Gustavus Adolphus= (King of Sweden)
Led an army of 100k to push Catholics back into Bohemia
Subsidized by the French Kings..French want to weaken the Habsburgs
Gustavus Adolphus was killed during the Swedish Phase and looks like the Catholics will win the Swedish Phase
French Phase a.k.a International Phase ( )
Albrecht von Wallenstein turns on Ferdinand II and he will have Wallenstein assassinated.
Cardinal Richelieu is truly the one running the French position, he works for the Bourbon Kings

16. Thirty Years War cont. French Phase (1635-1648)
Cardinal Richelieu will ally with the Protestants like the Habsburg/Valois Wars
He wants to defeat the H.R.E
Allow he is Catholic he wants to keep Germany fragmented so France does not have strong country along it’s Eastern border
Cardinal Richelieu considered a Politique
French Phase drags on and on and on ….end up calling a truce
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Ends the Thirty Years War
Renewal of the Peace of Augsburg but adds Calvinism
Peace of Augsburg had been falling apart
Not re-imposing Catholicism on the people
Holy Roman Empire is dissolving

17. Treaty of Westphalia Treaty of Westphalia cont.
The 300 separate states of H.R.E become sovereign states
Still a Holy Roman Emperor, however he really has no power
States can not declare war on the Holy Roman Emperor
Netherlands and Switzerland gain independence
France gains the lands of Alsace
Sweeden gains lands
Brandenburg gains lands….they eventually become Prussia
Habsburgs are weakened
Spain crumbling after the defeat of the Spanish Armada
Austria Habsburgs lose influence in Austria
Holy Roman Empire will exist in name only until 1806

18. Treaty of Westphalia cont.
Results of the Treaty of Westphalia
German lands and infrastructure are destroyed
German lands are divided
France considered the biggest winner of the Thirty Years’ War
Do not have a strong Germany on their Eastern border
Holy Roman Empire (Habsburgs) is weakened
Begins France’s rise to power in Europe
Great Britain will also benefit because they will stay out of the Thirty Year’s war
The Netherlands will rise because they gain independence from Spain
The rise of Prussia