Unit 4, Lesson 21 National Health Standards 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9, 2.10, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1

 Conception Also called fertilization Union of an ovum and a sperm  Heredity passing of characteristics from biological parents to children

 Chromosomes Thread-like structures that carry genes  Gene Unit of genetic material  Females 3 pair of identical chromosomes

 Males One pair is not made of identical chromosomes  Sex chromosomes One pair in each sex called this Females – XX Males - XY

 Sex of child determined by male  Inherited characteristics 2 genes for each trait  Dominant Gene that overrides the expression of the other gene

 Recessive Gene overridden by the other gene  Genetic counseling Trained professional interprets medical information concerning genetics to prospective parents

 Amniocentesis Needle inserted through the uterus to extract fluid from the amniotic sac Amniotic sac – pouch of fluid surrounding the fetus Cells analyzed to detect birth defects; sex can also be revealed

 Ultrasound High-frequency sound waves used to provide image of developing fetus Physician analyzes image Confirm pregnancy Confirm pregnancy within the uterus

Ectopic pregnancy – when baby attaches to Fallopian tubes Assess size and growth of fetus Takes place in 1 st trimester Done for safety of mom and baby

 Embryo Name given to developing baby through the end of the 2 nd month  Fetus Name given to the developing baby from the 9 th week after conception until birth

 Placenta Organ that anchors the embryo to the uterus  Umbilical cord Rope-like structure connecting the embryo to the placenta Mother’s body carries nutrients and oxygen to and waste away from embryo

 At end of 1 st month Embryo has heartbeat, two- lobed brain and a spinal cord  At end of 2 nd month Recognizable as a human and is called a fetus Began arm, leg, fingers, ears, and toes formation 1 grefurl= adoption/&docid=NDatTkY6kC5ObM&imgurl= 368&ei=wSe8T67xAuWQsQLjjdEj&zoom=1 1

 By end of trimester Heart has 4 chambers 2 god-do-in-12-weeks.html&docid=gw3AAj_luTDE2M&imgurl= _5c6VyFklIY/TbJS8jKNSZI/AAAAAAAAAfc/hqoiVKZjQek/s1600/fetus12weeks.jpg&w=375&h=284&ei=7yi8T5eML7GMsALxvp07&zoom=1 2

 By end trimester Fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes formed Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair begins to grow Movement can be felt

Can bend its arms and make a fist Can be detected by a stethoscope 3 / 320&ei=eiq8T6r0DuuasgLn- fQW&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=349&vpy=115&dur=2703&hovh=201&hovw=251&tx=147&ty=122&sig= &page=1&tbnh =125&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:140 3

 If baby born at beginning of 7 th month, 20% chance of survival  Optimum development occurs at about 40 weeks after conception  Premature birth is any baby born before the 37 th week of pregnancy

 Baby born between 37 and 40 weeks is considered full term  Usually 19 – 21 inches long  Weigh between 6 and 9 pounds 4 m/blog/2007_08_01_archive.html&docid=x2dQBEW4IbHyaM&imgurl= T8b_GqqPsALUwq06&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=769&vpy=339&dur=2984&hovh=212&hovw=237&tx=142&ty=147&sig= &page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=15 4&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:124 4

 Low-birth weight Birth weight less than 5.5 pounds  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Presence of severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who drink alcohol while pregnant

 Miscarriage Natural ending of a pregnancy before the baby is developed enough to survive outside the womb

 Process of childbirth – LABOR  3 stages Stage 1 – Dilation of cervix Longest stage 2 to many hours Widening of the cervix occurs – 8-10 centimeters

Stage 2 – Delivery of baby Begins with completely dilated cervix and ends with birth of the baby Crowning – appearance of baby’s head Umbilical cord cut when baby out of canal and breathing on its own

 Stage 3 – Delivery of the placenta Should occur without physician’s help About 20 minutes after delivery of baby

 Rating of baby’s characteristics at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after birth  Heart rate, color, respiratory effort, and reaction to sucking

 Score 7-10 – normal 4-7 – may need some resuscitative measures 3 and lower – require immediate resuscitative measures

 Span of time after birth of baby  Mother’s body changes  Breasts secrete hormone to begin milk secretion of milk Mom’s milk helps babies have fewer respiratory illnesses, skin disorders, constipation, and diarrhea

 Identical twins Develop from same ovum and sperm One fertilized ovum divides at an early stage of development and two cells divide and develop separately 5 sch&tbnid=3MaHlkK00NPINM:&imgrefurl= &docid=JezsOsc7kiqdxM&imgurl= _001.jpg&w=460&h=300&ei=uTC8T- DINMmasgLrgIET&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=156&dur=1141&hovh=181&hovw=278&tx=130&ty=1 04&sig= &page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i :72 5

 Fraternal Twins Two ova released from an ovary and are fertilized at the same time by different sperm May or may not be same sex and may or may not look alike 6 d=3MaHlkK00NPINM:&imgrefurl= iqdxM&imgurl= ei=uTC8T- DINMmasgLrgIET&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=156&dur=1141&hovh=181&hovw=278&tx=130&ty=104&sig= &page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:72 6

 3 children at once – triplets  4 children at once – quadruplets  5 children at once – quintuplets  6 children at once – sextuplets  More than 3 children at once rare

 Rh incompatibility Mom’s Rh is positive and developing baby’s is negative  Toxemia of pregnancy Rise in mom’s blood pressure, swelling, and leakage of protein into the urine Can result in death of mom or baby

 Cesarean section Surgical incision to remove baby from mother’s uterus  Stillbirth Fully developed baby is born dead caused by a defect, medical condition of the baby or the mother