1. Reproduction

2. Reproduction
Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring

3. Male Reproductive System
Sperm = reproductive cells of males
Functions of the male reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce & store sperm, and to deliver sperm to the female reproductive system
Keeping healthy:
Cleanliness
Sexual abstinence
Protection from trauma
Self-exams

4. Female Reproductive System
-Eggs, or ova, are the reproductive cells in women
The functions of the female reproductive system are to produce sex hormones, to produce eggs, and to provide a nourishing environment in which a fertilized egg can develop into a baby
Keeping healthy:
Cleanliness
Sexual abstinence
Prompt treatment for infections
Self-exams

5. Egg Traveling Through Female Reproductive System

6. Pregnancy 1) Fertilization
Only a few hundred of the hundreds of million of sperm that enter the vagina usually make it to the egg
Only one sperm can fertilize the egg
Within seconds after fertilization occurs, the surface of the egg changes so that no more sperm can enter the egg
In the 1st week after fertilization, the fertilized egg undergoes many cell divisions & travels to the uterus

7. Pregnancy 2) Zygote The united sperm & egg is called a zygote
Within 36 hours, while the zygote is still traveling through the fallopian tube, it begins to divide

8. Pregnancy 3) Cell Division
From the two-cell stage until about 9 weeks after fertilization, the growing structure is called an embryo

9. Pregnancy 4) Blastocyst
About 5 days after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus, where it floats free for a few days
This ‘clump’ of cells is called a blastocyst

10. Pregnancy 5) Implantation
Once the blastocyst forms, it begins to attach itself to the wall of the uterus

11. Development in the Uterus
Amniotic sac
Fluid-filled bag of thin tissue that develops around the embryo
Placenta
The attachment holding the embryo to the wall of the uterus; oxygen and nutrients move from mother’s blood into the placenta
Umbilical cord
Develops between the embryo & placenta; embryo’s lifeline; blood vessels inside carry oxygen & nutrients to growing embryo

12. Development in the Uterus
During the first 2 months, major body systems and organs begin to form
By the end of 8 weeks, the embryo is about an inch long & has recognizable features like arms, legs, ears & eyes
From the 3rd month until birth, the unborn child is called a fetus

13. Healthy Pregnancy
Getting proper nutrition & exercise and avoiding drugs & environmental hazards are especially important before & throughout pregnancy
Pregnant women only need to eat about 300 extra calories a day
Folic acid is a very important vitamin
It helps develop the neural tube, which will turn into the spinal cord

14. Healthy Pregnancy
A pregnant woman should talk to her doctor before using any prescription or over-the-counter drugs, including pain medications, creams & lotions and vitamins
Environmental hazards:
Xrays
Lead
Mercury
Cat litter

15. Child Birth
1) Labor
The work performed by the mother’s body to push the fetus out
For a 1st child, labor can last 2-24 hours or longer
Contractions of the muscles of the uterus cause the cervix to dilate, or expand
Near the end of this stage, the amniotic sac breaks

16. Child Birth 2) Delivery of baby
This stage can take from 30 minutes to more than 2 hours
Contractions continue & the baby is pushed out
Once the baby is out, the doctor clamps & cuts the umbilical cord
Baby is looked over, and it’s vital signs are listened to

17. Child Birth Delivery of after birth
Even though the baby is born, the birth process is not complete
Contractions push out the placenta during this third stage
This lasts only about minutes

18. Complications at Birth
Stillbirth: Occurs when a fetus dies and is expelled from the body after the 20th week of pregnancy
Cesarean section: C-section; surgical method of birth; incision in lower abdomen to uterus
Premature birth: delivery of a live baby before the 37th week of pregnancy; the earlier the birth, the more problems the baby tends to have; organs may not be fully developed

19. Multiple Births Identical twins Fraternal twins Triplets or more
Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg; are the same sex & have the same inherited traits since they are from the same zygote
Fraternal twins
Sometimes two eggs are released from the ovary & are fertilized by two sperm; are no more alike than siblings; may or may not be the same sex
Triplets or more
Are less common than twins