THE HEART THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

HEART CHAMBERS Atria – two upper chambers (receiving); R & L Ventricles – two lower chambers (discharging); R & L Myocardium – muscle tissue (middle) Endocardium – lining of heart chambers (inner) Epicardium – outer covering of heart tissue (outer); also called pericardium

HEART VALVES Tricuspid – opening of right atrium into ventricle Bicuspid (mitral) – opening of left atrium into ventricle Pulmonary semilunar – beginning of pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar – beginning of aorta

BLOOD FLOW Venous blood enters the right atrium through superior/inferior vena cava From right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricle From right ventricle through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary artery to lungs Blood from lungs to left atrium, through bicuspid valve to left ventricle Pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into aorta and distributed to body

HEARTBEAT Cardiac cycle: Contraction called systole Relaxation called diastole 72 beats per minute Each cycle 0.8 seconds long Cardiac output is 5 L per minute per ventricle

HEART SOUNDS “Lub-dup” First sound (lub) caused by vibration and closure of av valves during contraction of ventricles Second sound (dup) caused by closure of semilunar valves during relaxation of ventricles

COMBINING FORMS Aort/o - aorta Atri/o - atrium Cardi/o - heart Valv/o, valvul/o - valve Ventricul/o - ventricle Ech/o - sound Electr/o – electrical activity

PREFIXES Brady- = slow

SUFFIXES -ac = pertaining to -apheresis = removal -graph = instrument used to record; record -odynia = pain -penia = abnormal reduction in number -poiesis = formation -sclerosis = hardening

DISEASE/DISORDER TERMS (NBFWP) Angina pectoris – chest pain occurring when there is insufficient blood supply to heart Arrhythmia – abnormality of hearts normal rhythmic pattern Atrial fibrillation – rapid electrical impulses from the atria Cardiac arrest – cessation of cardiac output and circulation

DISEASE/DISORDER TERMS (NBFWP) Congestive heart failure – inability of heart to pump enough blood through body to supply tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen Mitral valve stenosis – narrowing of mitral valve from scarring Myocardial infarction – death of a portion of the myocardium (aka. Heart attack) Rheumatic heart disease – damage to the muscle or valves caused by rheumatic fever

SURGICAL TERMS (NBFWP) Atrial fibrillation ablation – procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger a-fib are destroyed by radio waves Cardiac pacemaker – battery powered to shock heart into normal rhythym

DIAGNOSTIC TERMS (NBFWP) Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) – ultrasound examining cardiac function by using probe inserted in esophagus

LABORATORY TESTS C-reactive protein – elevation = inflammation in body Creatinine phosphokinase – used to identify myocardial infarction Homocystine – measures increased risk of cardiovascular disease Lipid profile – measure amount of lipids in blood Troponin – diagnose myocardial infarction (from necrosis of heart tissues)

COMPLEMENTARY TERMS Cardiopulmonary resuscitation – artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage Defibrillation – application of electric shock through chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm Fibrillation – rapid, contraction in the atria and ventricles Heart murmur – humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin