1. The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 13
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

2. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Introduction
Cardiovascular system distributes blood
Pump (heart)
Distribution areas (capillaries)
Heart has 4 compartments
2 receive blood (atria)
2 pump blood out (ventricles)
Vessels
Veins return blood to the heart
Arteries take blood away from the heart
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

3. Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Atria = “entrance ways”
Thin-walled
Upper chambers
Ventricles = “hollow spaces”
Thick, muscular
Apex points down & tips slightly to the left
Base is superior
Great vessels attach
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

4. The Coverings of the Heart
Pericardium = “around the heart”
Visceral pericardium = epicardium
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial space contains pericardial fluid
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

5. Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers of the heart
Right & left atrium
Separated by the interatrial septum
Right & left ventricle
Separated by the interventricular septum
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

6. Structure of the Heart Wall
Epicardium = “upon the heart” = visceral pericardium
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Myocardium is the middle layer
Cardiac muscle
Endocardium = “inside the heart”
Simple squamous epithelium
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

7. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Great Vessels
Superior & inferior vena cava
Return blood from body to right atrium
Coronary Sinus
Returns blood from heart wall to right atrium
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

8. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Great Vessels
Pulmonary veins
Return blood (oxygenated) from lungs to left atrium
Aorta
Takes blood from left ventricle to body
Pulmonary artery
Takes blood (deoxygenated) from right ventricle to lungs
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

9. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Valves of the Heart
Atrioventricular (AV) valves separate the atria from the ventricles
Tricuspid valve – right
Bicuspid valve (mitral) – left
Semilunar valves separate the ventricles from the great vessels
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Heart sounds
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

10. Valves of the Heart (Ventricular Diastole)
FG21_07A.JPG
Title: Valves of the Heart
Notes: (a)Valve position during ventricular diastole; AV valves open, semilunar valves closed. (b)Cardiac valves during ventricular systole; AV valves closed, semilunar valves open. Note how chordae tendineae and papillary muscles affect movement of AV valve.
Keywords: heart, valves, ventricular systole, tricuspid, fibrous skeleton, mitral valve, aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, chordae tendineae, ventricle, papillary muscles
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

11. Valves of the Heart (Ventricular Systole)
FG21_07B.JPG
Title: Valves of the Heart
Notes: (c)Superior view of heart valves. (d)Proper placement of a stethoscope varies depending on which heart sounds and valves are of interest.
Keywords: heart, valves, pulmonary valve, aortic valve, mitral, atrium, vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk, heart sounds, stethoscope, aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, tricuspid
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

12. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Coronary Circulation
Vessels that supply the myocardium itself
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Cardiac veins
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

13. Cast of Coronary Vessels
FG21_09C.JPG
Title: Coronary Circulation
Notes: (a)Vessels supplying anterior surface of heart. (b)Coronary vessels supplying posterior surface of heart. (c)Cast of coronary vessels. (d)Coronary angiogram, left lateral projection.
Keywords: coronary, circulation, anterior, artery, vein, circumflex branch, anterior interventricular branch, great cardiac vein, marginal branch, posterior interventricular branch, middle cardiac vein, right coronary artery, small cardiac vein, coronary sinus
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

14. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
The Cardiac Cycle
Contraction pattern of the myocardium
Determined by the conduction system
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation
Both atria contract
Both ventricles contract
Atria alternate with ventricles
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

15. Conduction System of the Heart
The average heart rate is 72 beats/min.
Depolarization stimulates contraction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

16. Conducting System of the Heart
Depolarization begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker
FG21_12B.JPG
Title: The Conducting System of the Heart
Notes: (a)The stimulus for contraction is generated by pacemaker cells at the SA node.(b)Movement of the contractile stimulus: SA node, AV node, atrial contraction, AV bundle and bundle branches, Purkinjie fibers, ventricular myocardium, ventricular contraction.
Keywords: heart, conducting system, sinoatrial node, SA, atrioventricular, AV, AV bundle, bundle branch, Purkinje fibers
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

17. Conduction System of the Heart
Depolarization spreads through atria, atria contract
FG21_12C.JPG
Title: The Conducting System of the Heart
Notes: (a)The stimulus for contraction is generated by pacemaker cells at the SA node.(b)Movement of the contractile stimulus: SA node, AV node, atrial contraction, AV bundle and bundle branches, Purkinjie fibers, ventricular myocardium, ventricular contraction.
Keywords: heart, conducting system, sinoatrial node, SA, atrioventricular, AV, AV bundle, bundle branch, Purkinje fibers

18. Conducting System of the Heart
Atrioventricular (AV node) depolarizes
Depolarization travels down the AV bundle (bundle of His)
FG21_12E.JPG
Title: The Conducting System of the Heart
Notes: (a)The stimulus for contraction is generated by pacemaker cells at the SA node.(b)Movement of the contractile stimulus: SA node, AV node, atrial contraction, AV bundle and bundle branches, Purkinjie fibers, ventricular myocardium, ventricular contraction.
Keywords: heart, conducting system, sinoatrial node, SA, atrioventricular, AV, AV bundle, bundle branch, Purkinje fibers
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

19. Conducting System of the Heart
Depolarization spreads up the ventricular walls via Purkinje fibers.
Ventricles contract
FG21_12F.JPG
Title: The Conducting System of the Heart
Notes: (a)The stimulus for contraction is generated by pacemaker cells at the SA node.(b)Movement of the contractile stimulus: SA node, AV node, atrial contraction, AV bundle and bundle branches, Purkinjie fibers, ventricular myocardium, ventricular contraction.
Keywords: heart, conducting system, sinoatrial node, SA, atrioventricular, AV, AV bundle, bundle branch, Purkinje fibers
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

20. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Electrocardiogram
ECG = a recording of electrical events in the heart
P wave = atrial depolarization
QRS wave = ventricular depolarization
T wave = ventricular repolarization
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

21. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Electrocardiogram
FG21_13A.JPG
Title: An Electrocardiogram
Notes: An ECG printout is a strip of graph paper containing a record of the electrical events monitored by electrodes attached to the body surface. The enlarged section indicates the major components of the ECG.
Keywords: electrocardiogram, ECG, electrical events, electrodes, P wave, T wave, QRS complex, atria, ventricles, contract
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

22. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Electrocardiogram
FG21_13B.JPG
Title: An Electrocardiogram
Notes: An ECG printout is a strip of graph paper containing a record of the electrical events monitored by electrodes attached to the body surface. The enlarged section indicates the major components of the ECG.
Keywords: electrocardiogram, ECG, electrical events, electrodes, P wave, T wave, QRS complex, atria, ventricles, contract
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

23. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Disorders
Abnormal heart rates
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Fibrillation
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

24. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Blood Vessels
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

25. Functions of Blood Vessels
Carry blood away from the heart - arteries
Transport blood to tissues - capillaries
Return blood to the heart – veins
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

26. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Walls of Blood Vessels
3 layers
Inner layer is endothelium = tunica intima
Simple squamous epithelium
Middle layer = tunica media
Smooth muscle
Outer layer = tunica externa
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

27. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Atherosclerosis
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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28. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Arteries
Elastic arteries
Large
Muscular arteries
Medium-sized
Arterioles
Very small
Capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

29. Systemic Arterial System
FG22_10.JPG
Title: An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System
Notes: Figure is an overview of the arterial system. This figure indicates the relative locations of major systemic arteries.
Keywords: arterial system, systemic, carotid, aorta, subclavian, axillary, renal, mesenteric, iliac, femoral, genicular, popliteal, brachial, celiac, brachiocephalic, vertebral, palmar, plantar
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

30. Major Arteries of the Trunk
FG22_16.JPG
Title: Major Arteries of the Trunk
Notes: Diagrammatic view of the major arteries of the trunk.
Keywords: arteries, trunk, abdominal aorta, gonadal, mesenteric, splenic, gastric, celiac, phrenic, hepatic, suprarenal, renal, lumbar, iliac, thoracic aorta, pericardials, esophageals, bronchials, mediastinals, intercostals, subclavian, vertebral thyrocervical
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

31. Arteries of the Chest and Upper Extremity
FG22_12A.JPG
Title: Arteries of the Chest and Upper Extremity
Notes: (a) Arteries originating along the aortic arch shown branching into the chest and upper arm. (b)Anterior view of forearm. (c)Anterior view of axillary region. (d)Flow chart showing arterial distribution from the aortic arch.
Keywords: arteries, chest, upper extremity, aortic arch, carotid, brachiocephalic, ascending, descending, thoracic, abdominal, ulnar, brachial, subscapular, brachial, humeral, thyrocervical, vertebral, suprascapular, axillary, intercostals, radial, palmar
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

32. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Capillaries
All blood-tissue exchange occurs here
Tissue = tunica intima only
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

33. Capillary Bed with Precapillary Sphincters
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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34. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Veins
Venules
Very small
Contain only tunica intima and tunica externa
Medium-sized veins and large veins
Contain same 3 layers as arteries
Tunica media thinner
Tuna externa - thickest layer
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

35. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Veins with Valves
Some veins contain valves – prevent blood from flowing backwards
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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36. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Varicose Veins
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
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37. Systemic Venous System
FG22_21.JPG
Title: An Overview of the Systemic Venous System
Notes: All of the systemic veins (except the cardiac veins) drain into either the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava (SVC) receives blood from the tissues and organs of the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper extremities.
Keywords: systemic venous system, overview, jugular, vertebral, subclavian, axillary, cephalic, brachial, basilic, hepatic, cubital, radial, antebrachial, ulnar, palmar, digital, saphenous, popliteal, peroneal, tibial, plantar, femoral, iliac, lumbar, gonadal
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

38. Venous System of the Trunk and Upper Limb
FG22_23.JPG
Title: The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb
Notes: A diagrammatic view of the venous drainage of the trunk and upper limb.
Keywords: venous drainage, upper extremities, chest, abdomen, vertebral, jugular, subclavian, brachiocephalic, vena cava, axillary, cephalic, hemiazygos, brachial, basilic, phrenics, suprarenals, radial, iliac, lumbars, gonadals, renals, hepatics, mediastinals
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

39. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Blood Flow
Blood flows because of different pressures in the system
Mean pressure in aorta = 100 mmHg
Pressure decreases continuously through arterial and venous system
Arteries = 100 – 40 mmHg
Arterioles = 40 – 25 mmHg
Capillaries = 25 – 12 mmHg
Venules = 12 – 8 mmHg
Veins = 8 – 5 mmHg
Vena cava = 2 mmHg
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001

40. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Blood Pressure
Definition – force exerted by blood on the wall of any blood vessel
Clinical use – refers to pressure in the arteries
Ventricles contract (systole)
Arterial pressure rises
Systolic pressure
Ventricles relax (diastole)
Arterial pressure drops
Diastolic pressure
Average blood pressure
120/80 (young male)
110/70 (young female)
Hypertension
Human Anatomy, 3rd edition
Prentice Hall, © 2001