Chapter Six: The Roman Republic

Origins of Rome According to legend, founded in 753 BCE by Romulus & Remus According to legend, founded in 753 BCE by Romulus & Remus What does this founding myth say about Rome?

What were the Advantages of Rome’s Geography? Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very hear of Italy-all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great. Livy, The Early History of Rome

The First Romans Latins, Greeks Etruscans all settled & fought for control of Italian Peninsula Latins built first true settlement- considered 1 st Romans

Greek Influence Between BCE Greeks established colonies along southern Italy & Sicily Prosperous, commercial Established strong connection to Greek culture

Greek Coinage Greeks borrowed idea of using coins from Asia Minor Greeks borrowed idea of using coins from Asia Minor Silver, bronze, electrum Silver, bronze, electrum More efficient More efficient Scenes of gods, goddesses, sporting events Scenes of gods, goddesses, sporting events What images are on our coins?

Greek Monumental Buildings Temples made of marble Temples made of marble Designed to represent Mt. Olympus Designed to represent Mt. Olympus Inspired awe Inspired awe Classical Greek values of harmony and proportion Classical Greek values of harmony and proportion Parthenon Pantheon How did Greek architecture influence Roman architecture?

Greek Mythology Functioned as religion Functioned as religion Conducted elaborate rituals & sacrifices to ensure favor Conducted elaborate rituals & sacrifices to ensure favor Controlled all aspects of life: Controlled all aspects of life: founding of cities healing the sick winning battles How did Greek mythology influence Roman religion?

Greek Philosophy “love of wisdom” “love of wisdom” Tutors & students held symposia-discussed natural world Tutors & students held symposia-discussed natural world Began as branch of science Began as branch of science Developed into system of logic by Aristotle Developed into system of logic by Aristotle Major premise: All B is A. Minor premise: All C is B. Conclusion: All C is A. All Greeks are mortal. Socrates is Greek. Socrates is mortal. Or, Major premise: All birds fly Minor premise: Hawks are birds. Conclusion: Hawks fly.

Greek Pottery Valued for beauty & usefulness Valued for beauty & usefulness Black figures on red backgrounds Black figures on red backgrounds Red figures on black backgrounds Red figures on black backgrounds Greater detail in the figures Greater detail in the figures

Greek Science Studied stars, music, math Studied stars, music, math Pythagoras believed numbers & formulas controlled universe Pythagoras believed numbers & formulas controlled universe Pythagorean Theorem measured triangles Pythagorean Theorem measured triangles Musical notes have progression Musical notes have progression

Greek Theater Developed from religious rites Developed from religious rites Honored the gods Honored the gods Asked for successful harvest Asked for successful harvest Evolved into festivals of song & dance each spring Evolved into festivals of song & dance each spring Dramas were outdoors in center of city Dramas were outdoors in center of city Actors wore masks, music, costume changes & scenery Actors wore masks, music, costume changes & scenery

Greek Writing Written in all capital letters Written in all capital letters Laws & treaties carved into plaques made of stone or bronze Laws & treaties carved into plaques made of stone or bronze Posted in public squares Posted in public squares Personal writing was on papyrus Personal writing was on papyrus

Etruscan Architecture Piers=pillar like bases Voussoirs=wedge-shaped stones Keystone Used for gates, Bridges, drains. How did Etruscan engineering influence Rome?

Etruscan Engineering Long trench cut underground Long trench cut underground vertical shafts dug downward to meet it vertical shafts dug downward to meet it irrigated land by diverting water from a stream irrigated land by diverting water from a stream Used to drain water from very wet soil, Used to drain water from very wet soil, carried water to cities carried water to cities How did Etruscan engineering influence Roman life?

Etruscan Government Monarchy Monarchy Bundle of sticks w/ ax Bundle of sticks w/ ax Emblem of royal power Emblem of royal power Bundle of Sticks = Unity Bundle of Sticks = Unity Ax = execute lawbreakers or anyone who threatened Roman Peace Ax = execute lawbreakers or anyone who threatened Roman Peace Fasces

Etruscan Metalworking Used copper, lead, iron, tin, silver, gold, bronze Used copper, lead, iron, tin, silver, gold, bronze Tools, drinking vessels Tools, drinking vessels Urns, statues Urns, statues helmets helmets

Etruscan Sculpture Realistic Realistic Did not glorify human subjects Did not glorify human subjects Life size stone figures created for tombs of wealthy Life size stone figures created for tombs of wealthy

Etruscan Social Organization Etruria made up of city-states, ruled by king Etruria made up of city-states, ruled by king Wealthy lived on large estates Wealthy lived on large estates Farmed, owned mines Farmed, owned mines Men/women fairly equal Men/women fairly equal Literate Literate Dressed in togas Dressed in togas Ate together at banquets Ate together at banquets

Etruscan Sporting Events Developed from funeral practices & hunting large animals Developed from funeral practices & hunting large animals Gladiator combat came from funeral rituals Gladiator combat came from funeral rituals Chariot racing began at Olympics in Greece Chariot racing began at Olympics in Greece How did Etruscan sporting event influence Roman life?

The Early Republic Around 600 BCE, Etruscan king became king of Rome Around 600 BCE, Etruscan king became king of Rome Villages grew became larger cities Villages grew became larger cities First temples & public centers-the Forum- constructed First temples & public centers-the Forum- constructed The Roman Forum: The Heart of Roman Political Life

Early Roman Republic Romans drove out harsh Etruscan ruler, Tarquinius in BCE Romans drove out harsh Etruscan ruler, Tarquinius in 509 BCE Set up republic form of government Set up republic form of government No one person could become too powerful No one person could become too powerful

What is a Republic? Government in which power rests with citizens who vote for leaders Government in which power rests with citizens who vote for leaders In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free- born male citizens In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free- born male citizens How did Rome’s government compare to Greece?

The Senate: Who were Patricians? Landowners, oldest & richest families Landowners, oldest & richest families Inherited power & social status Inherited power & social status Held public office Held public office Performed religious rituals Performed religious rituals 300 members 300 members Served life terms Served life terms Claimed ancestry gave them authority to make laws Claimed ancestry gave them authority to make laws

Who were Plebeians? Poorer citizens Paid taxes & served in army Lived in apartments Could not marry patricians Could not hold office If in debt, could be sold into slavery

Who were Consuls? Two consuls-Chosen each year Two consuls-Chosen each year Headed the Republic Headed the Republic Worked w/ Senate Worked w/ Senate Administrators/Military leaders Administrators/Military leaders Each could veto acts of other Each could veto acts of other Both had to agree before law was passed Both had to agree before law was passed In charge of treasury In charge of treasury Commanders in chief of army when at war Commanders in chief of army when at war Elected by Patricians Elected by Patricians

Did Rome have a dictator? chosen during crisis chosen during crisis complete control complete control ruled for 6 mos ruled for 6 mos Cincinnatus most admired dictator Cincinnatus most admired dictator George Washington called “Cincinnatus of the West” George Washington called “Cincinnatus of the West” Cincinnatus Washington

How did Plebeians Gain Rights? Went on strike Went on strike Tribunes elected to represent Plebeians Tribunes elected to represent Plebeians Veto power: blocked laws harmful to Plebeian class Veto power: blocked laws harmful to Plebeian class Forced Patricians to respect lower class Forced Patricians to respect lower class

The Senate 300 chosen for life 300 chosen for life Handled daily running of government Handled daily running of government Advised consuls Advised consuls Discussed foreign relations Discussed foreign relations Proposed laws Proposed laws Approved public contracts for building roads & temples Approved public contracts for building roads & temples

Other Government Officials? Judges, Tribunes, Assemblies Judges, Tribunes, Assemblies Tribunes protected rights of plebeians Tribunes protected rights of plebeians All citizens belonged to assembly All citizens belonged to assembly Assembly made war & peace Assembly made war & peace

WomenPatricians Men who owned large amounts of land Plebeians Peasant farmers and craftsmen Slaves Assembly: The two groups met here and voted for the following groups Two Consuls: They governed the city. Elected for one year only. Both had to agree with each other to make a decision Magistrates: Their job was to look after the money of Rome. They were also judges. Tribunes: They protected the interests of ordinary people against unfair treatment Senate: Magistrates retired to the Senate. They advised Consuls. They had the most control & influence on the Roman Republic Citizens

Roman Law: The Twelve Tables In 450 BCE, plebeians forced Patricians to write laws in stone & place in Forum In 450 BCE, plebeians forced Patricians to write laws in stone & place in Forum Protection of law applied to all-plebeians & patricians Protection of law applied to all-plebeians & patricians Innocent until proven guilty Innocent until proven guilty Accused allowed to face accusers & defend themselves Accused allowed to face accusers & defend themselves Judges interpret law-make fair decisions Judges interpret law-make fair decisions People have rights that no government can take away People have rights that no government can take away Foundation for all future Roman Laws & basis of all Western Law & US Civil Rights Foundation for all future Roman Laws & basis of all Western Law & US Civil Rights

Roman Law Laws from the Twelve Tables Laws from the Twelve Tables Females shall remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority (except Vestal Virgins). Females shall remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority (except Vestal Virgins). A spendthrift is forbidden to exercise administration over his own goods. A spendthrift is forbidden to exercise administration over his own goods. It is permitted to gather fruit falling down on another man's farm. It is permitted to gather fruit falling down on another man's farm. If any person has sung or composed against another person a song such as was causing slander or insult to another, he shall be clubbed to death. If any person has sung or composed against another person a song such as was causing slander or insult to another, he shall be clubbed to death. Quickly kill... a dreadfully deformed child. Quickly kill... a dreadfully deformed child.

The Roman Army: Highly valued Highly valued All landowning citizens required to serve All landowning citizens required to serve Organized into legions (infantry) Organized into legions (infantry) Cavalry supported them Cavalry supported them

Roman Army: Legions well-trained, well fed, state-of the art well-trained, well fed, state-of the art citizen-soldiers citizen-soldiers Legion- 3,000-5,000 foot soldiers Legion- 3,000-5,000 foot soldiers Loyal, courageous, fearless Loyal, courageous, fearless Technology/weapons-the corbiss Technology/weapons-the corbiss 270 BCE Rome dominated peninsula 270 BCE Rome dominated peninsula SPQR acronym (The Senate & People of Rome)

Rome Spreads Its Power By 265, controlled Italian Peninsula By 265, controlled Italian Peninsula Defeated Etruscans & Greeks Defeated Etruscans & Greeks Tolerant toward conquered peoples Tolerant toward conquered peoples Imposed different laws & treatment for different parts of conquered territory Imposed different laws & treatment for different parts of conquered territory Some full citizenship Some full citizenship Others partial-no voting rights Others partial-no voting rights Others became allies of Rome Others became allies of Rome Tolerant policies helped Rome expand Tolerant policies helped Rome expand

Expansion in Italy: Conquered Lands Treated people fairly Treated people fairly Conquered peoples forced to: Conquered peoples forced to: Honor the Senate Honor the Senate Pay taxes Pay taxes Supply soldiers for Rome’s legions Supply soldiers for Rome’s legions

Expansion in Italy: Conquered Lands Rome’s promise to conquered peoples: Rome’s promise to conquered peoples: Keep customs Keep customs Keep form of money Keep form of money Keep local government Keep local government

Expansion in Italy: Conquered Peoples Respected local culture Respected local culture Granted full citizenship to some peoples Granted full citizenship to some peoples Usually gained the full support of conquered people Usually gained the full support of conquered people Not the Jews Not the Jews

Expansion in Italy: Protection & Unification Roman legions placed in conquered lands Roman legions placed in conquered lands Needed to make troop movement easily Needed to make troop movement easily Soldiers/slaves built roads Soldiers/slaves built roads Increased trade Increased trade Spread Roman culture Spread Roman culture Latin incorporated Latin incorporated

Rome’s Commercial Success Central location gave easy access to regions around Mediterranean Central location gave easy access to regions around Mediterranean Traded wine, olive oil for food, raw materials, manufactured goods Traded wine, olive oil for food, raw materials, manufactured goods

Winning an Empire: Rivalry w/ Carthage on coast of N. Africa settled by Phoenicians City-state on coast of N. Africa settled by Phoenicians Modern day Tunis Modern day Tunis Dominated trade in Mediterranean Dominated trade in Mediterranean Jealous of Rome’s expansion Jealous of Rome’s expansion Worried Rome would become better traders Worried Rome would become better traders

Wars with Carthage: Punic Wars BCE Series of wars Series of wars Punic = Latin for punicus (Phoenician) Punic = Latin for punicus (Phoenician) Carthaginian General Carthaginian General Hamilcar Barca Great leader & general of 1 st Punic War Sworn enemy of Rome Sworn enemy of Rome

Wars with Carthage: Punic Wars BCE Hannibal Barca Hannibal Barca Son of Hamilcar Son of Hamilcar Brilliant military leader Brilliant military leader Took oath at age 9 to destroy Rome Took oath at age 9 to destroy Rome Became leader & general of Carthage after Hamilcar’s death Became leader & general of Carthage after Hamilcar’s death

Wars with Carthage: 1 st Punic War ( BCE) Fought over control of Sicily Fought over control of Sicily Carthage great naval power Carthage great naval power Rome had no navy but built a fleet Rome had no navy but built a fleet Rome won Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia Rome won Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia Carthage humiliated-forced to surrender its entire treasury Carthage humiliated-forced to surrender its entire treasury forced to agree to keep ships out of Roman waters forced to agree to keep ships out of Roman waters

(218 – 201 BCE) 2 nd Punic War (218 – 201 BCE) Hannibal wanted revenge Hannibal wanted revenge From Spain, marched army w/ elephants through Pyrenees, across France, over Alps into Northern Italy From Spain, marched army w/ elephants through Pyrenees, across France, over Alps into Northern Italy Tremendous losses but gained new recruits from tribes he encountered that feared Rome Tremendous losses but gained new recruits from tribes he encountered that feared Rome Surprised Rome, conquered most of Northern peninsula Surprised Rome, conquered most of Northern peninsula Could not conquer Rome itself Could not conquer Rome itself

2 nd Punic War (218 – 201 BCE) Hannibal’s armies kill 20% of Rome’s population-cannot defeat Rome Hannibal’s armies kill 20% of Rome’s population-cannot defeat Rome Scipio launches a brilliant counterattack on Carthage Scipio launches a brilliant counterattack on Carthage Hannibal forced to return to Carthage to defend Hannibal forced to return to Carthage to defend Carthage defeated at battle of Zama Carthage defeated at battle of Zama

2 nd Punic War (218 – 201 BCE) Peace treaty ends the 2 nd Punic War Peace treaty ends the 2 nd Punic War Carthage gives up all land claims on Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica Carthage gives up all land claims on Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica Massive tribute (penalty taxes) paid Massive tribute (penalty taxes) paid Rome recognized as master of the Mediterranean Sea Rome recognized as master of the Mediterranean Sea

Third Punic War Rome invented excuse to attack Carthage again though it was weak Rome invented excuse to attack Carthage again though it was weak Rome sent soldiers-siege for two years Rome sent soldiers-siege for two years Eventually Rome won & “salted the earth” so Carthage could never rival Rome again Eventually Rome won & “salted the earth” so Carthage could never rival Rome again After that, Rome turned east & defeated Macedonia After that, Rome turned east & defeated Macedonia

Summary: Roman Expansion Summary: Roman Expansion Three Stages Three Stages Conquest of Italy Conflict with Carthage & expansion into western Mediterranean Sea Domination of Hellenistic kingdoms in the eastern Mediterranean

From Republic to Empire As Rome grew, its republican form of government grew increasingly unstable Eventually the republic gave way to an imperial a dictatorship that continued to spread Roman influence