Elements -Substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances Ex. Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Sodium (Na) Atoms- Smallest part of an element - Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons Compounds- Two or more elements combined Ex. Water Glucose

Chemical Formulas- Show the elements found in a compound Molecular Formulas - Shows the number of atoms found in a compound C 6 H 12 O 6 - Glucose Structural Formula-Shows the number of atoms and how they are bonded to one another

Inorganic Compounds- Lack elements carbon and hydrogen Water- Main inorganic substance found in living things - 60 to 90% of living things are water - We are 2/3 water by mass !!! Salts- Help maintain homeostasis in body Acids and Bases- Involved in digestion and homeostasis 7 Neutral water 0 A cid B ase 14 - Acid + Base  Water + SaltNeutralization

Organic compounds- Compounds containing both Carbon and Hydrogen - Includes carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates- Major source of STORED energy for plants and animals - Includes sugars – like glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) -Includes starches -( starches are big molecules, simple sugars are small ) -Chitin is a carbohydrate that makes up the shells of bugs!!!! DO YOU WANT TO EAT SOME???? - Are made up of many simple sugars combined

Lipids (FATS)- Another source of stored energy - Have more than twice the amount of energy that Carbs have - Include fats, cholesterol, waxes, and oils

Proteins-make up parts of cell and make up enzymes Ex. Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies, Muscle, Blood - Are made of small units called amino acids -Many amino acids together will make a protein -(amino acids are small, proteins are big

Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA - Are found in nucleus of cell and are hereditary material

- Proteins that make chemical reactions for life possible - Allow reactions to take place at body temperature -Are biological catalysts – cause reaction to occur but are not used up themselves Substrate – the substance the enzyme acts upon Enzyme + Substrate  Enzyme Substrate Complex  enzyme + new subst. -Enzymes are named for the substrate they act upon Maltase  Maltose Lactase  Lactose Protease  Proteins Lipase  Lipids

How Enzymes Work Lock and Key Model- Each enzyme is specific to a certain substrate - The place where they enzyme and substrate fit together is called the active site

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action 1. Temperature- Enzymes work best at specific temperatures - If temperature goes up or down from optimum temperature enzyme does not work as efficiently Enzyme Denaturation- At high temperatures the shape of the enzyme changes and the enzyme does not work anymore

2. pH- Enzymes work best at specific pH’s - If the pH goes up or down from the optimum pH then the reaction rate will go down

3. Relative amounts of Enzyme and Substrate - The rate of a reaction depends upon how often enzymes bump into substrates - If there is a lot of enzyme bumping into a few substrates then the substrate determines the rate of reaction - If there is a lot of substrate but few enzymes then the enzymes determine the rate of the reaction

Respiration- Using food molecules to make energy ATP- Aka adenosine triphosphate - - A chemical used to store energy released by respiration ATP becomes ADP when energy is used.

Anaerobic Respiration- Respiration without oxygen - Takes place in the cytoplasm - Not very efficient – only produces 2 ATP molecules Fermentation- Glucose is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide - Used in making bread, beer and wine - Leads to lactic acid build up in muscles of humans

Aerobic respiration- Respiration requiring oxygen - Happens in the mitochondria - Requires the use of enzymes - Much more efficient then anaerobic respiration - Net gain of 34 ATP - Glucose is completely broken down to make carbon dioxide and water C 6 H 12 O O 2  6 CO H 2 O + energy (ATP) YOU MUST KNOW THIS FORMULA!!!! - Happens 24/7

Photosynthesis- Process by which energy from the sun is used to make chemical energy (FOOD) - Most of the energy available to organisms is the result of photosynthesis Chloroplasts- Where photosynthesis occurs in green plants - Only takes place during the daytime

Chemistry of Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water yields Glucose + Oxygen + water 6 CO H 2 OC 6 H 12 O O H 2 O