1. Chapter 3-Cell Processes and Energy
Section 1- Chemical compounds in cells

2. Elements and Compounds
You may not realize it, but air is a mixture of gases
Gases include both elements and compounds
Three gases in the air are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

3. Elements Oxygen and nitrogen are examples of elements
Element- any substance that can not be broken down into simpler substances
Atom- smallest unit of an element
Elements are made up of only one type of atom
Elements found in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

4. Compounds
Carbon dioxide is a compound, made up of the elements carbon and oxygen
Compound- when two or more elements combine chemically
Most elements in living things occur in the forms of compounds
Molecule- the smallest unit of any compound
Ex- molecule of carbon consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms

5. Which is water- an element or a compound?
Why?
It contains two elements- oxygen and water that are chemically combined

6. Compound Chemical called Water
Like carbon dioxide water is a compound
Each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
Water makes up two thirds of your body

7. Water plays an important role in cells
-1.most chemical reactions within cells could not take place without water
2. Dissolves chemicals cells needs
-3.helps keep their size and shape
-4.Keeps the temperature of cells from changing rapidly

8. Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Many compounds in living things contain the element carbon
Organic compounds- compounds that contain carbon
Inorganic compound- compounds that do not contain carbon
Ex- water, sodium chloride (table salt)

9. DO NOW
What is the difference between an organic and inorganic compound?
How does water play an important role in our cells?

10. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in living things
Carbohydrate- energy rich organic compound. Composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ex- sugars and starches

11. Sugars are produced during the food making process that takes place in plants
Sugar molecules can combine forming larger molecules called starches or complex carbohydrates
Plant cells store the excess energy in molecules of starch
Many foods that come from plants that contain starch
Ex- potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread

12. When you eat these foods, your body breaks down the starch in glucose
Glucose- sugar your cells use to produce energy
Carbohydrates are an important component of some cell parts
Ex- Cellulose found in the cell wall of plants is type of carbohydrate
-Also in cell membrane

13. Lipids Lipids- fats, oils, and waxes -energy rich organic compounds
-contain even more energy than
carbohydrates
Cells store energy in lipids for later use.
Ex- bear hibernates in the winter, lives on the energy stored in fat
Cell membranes are made mostly of lipids

14. Proteins
Proteins- large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and some cases sulfur.
Ex- Foods high in protein- meat, eggs, fish, nuts, and beans

15. Structure of Proteins Amino acids-protein molecules
20 common amino acids
Cells can combine them in different ways to form thousands of different proteins
The kind of amino acid and the order it links together determines the type of protein that forms.
Ex- Alphabet- 26 letters can form thousands of different words

16. Functions of Proteins
Much of the structure of cells is made up of proteins.
Ex-parts of cell membranes and cell organelles
The protein known as enzymes perform important functions in the chemical reaction that take place in cells
Enzymes-type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in living things.

17. Enzymes-type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in living things.
Without enzymes, many chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long or not happen at all.
Ex- enzymes in your salvia speed up the digestion of food by breaking down the starches into sugars in your mouth.

18. What elements make up proteins?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
What kinds of molecules make up proteins?
Amino acids
How are proteins used in living things?
Part of cell membranes and organelles, enzymes speed up chemical reactions
What are some examples of foods that are proteins?

19. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids-very log organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
-Contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life
-2 type of nucleic acids- DNA and RNA

20. DNA- genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring
-found in the chromatin
-directs all the cell’s functions
RNA- plays an important role in the production of proteins
-found in the cytoplasm and the nucleus

21. What is DNA?
Genetic material that carries information about an organism and that is passed from parent to offspring
What does RNA do?
Important role in the production of protein

22. Why are nucleic acids important to all cells in the body?
They contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life
How is RNA related to the structure of an organism?
RNA is an important in the production of proteins, which make up much the structure of cells