Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Culture Enduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next.

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Culture Sociocultural Perspective: + Combines social psychology and cultural psychology Culture and Abnormality: + How your culture affects the definition of abnormal behavior Individualistic and Collective Cultures: + Working together or working alone Culture Fair Tests: + Developing tests that are not affected by culture

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. Psychological Understanding behavior in terms of psychological events Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Group

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-5 Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. Psychological Behavioral Understanding behavior in terms of the principles of learning Neuroscience Cognitive Group

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-6 Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. Psychological Behavioral Neuroscience Understanding behavior in terms of biology Cognitive Group

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-7 Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. Psychological Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Understanding behavior in terms of cognitive events Group

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-8 Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives. Psychological Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Group Understanding abnormal behavior in terms of the effects of groups on behavior

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-9 Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, research on causes of disorders and treatment effectiveness Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Consultation with clients on issues of personal adjustment; vocational and career planning; interest and aptitude testing Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Study of physical, mental, emotional, and social development across the entire life span Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Study of psychological aspects of the educational process; curriculum and instructional research; teacher training Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Research (typically laboratory experiments, often with non- humans) on basic processes such as learning, perception, and motivation Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Study of mental processes such as memory, problem solving, planning, consciousness, and language (psycholinguistics) Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Study of individual differences in personality and their effects on behavior; development of personality tests Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Measurement issues and data analysis; development of mathematical models of behavior Industrial/Organizational Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Examination of behavior in work settings; study of factors related to employee morale and performance, development of tests to select job applicants; development of machines and tasks to fit human capabilities Social Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Areas of Specialty in Psychology Clinical Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Cognitive Personality Quantitative Industrial/Organizational Social Examination of how the social environment—the presence of other people—influences an individual’s behavior, thoughts and feelings Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Issue NeurosciencePsychodynamicBehavioralCognitiveHumanistic Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Nature (heredity) vs. nurture (environment) Nature (heredity) Nurture (environment) Both

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Issue NeurosciencePsychodynamicBehavioralCognitiveHumanistic Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Conscious vs. unconscious determinants of behavior Unconscious ConsciousBothConscious

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Issue NeurosciencePsychodynamicBehavioralCognitiveHumanistic Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes Internal emphasis Observable emphasis Internal emphasis

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Issue NeurosciencePsychodynamicBehavioralCognitiveHumanistic Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Free will vs. determinism Determinism Free will

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology Perspectives in Psychology Ways of Understanding Behavior Issue NeurosciencePsychodynamicBehavioralCognitiveHumanistic Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology. Individual differences vs. universal principles Universal emphasis BothIndividual emphasis

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Scientific Method: The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies 1. Identify questions of interest stemming from Behavior and phenomenon requiring explanation Prior research findings Curiosity, creativity, insight 2. Formulate an explanation Specify a theory Develop a hypothesis 3. Carry out research Operationalize hypothesis Select a research method Collect the data Analyze the data 4. Communicate the findings

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Self ReportPsychologicalBehavioral Descriptive Methods Methods of Observing Behavior Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Researcher Jane Goodall studies the behavior of wild chimpanzees in their native habitat. Descriptive Methods Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in natural environments Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc In this experiment, preschoolers’ reactions to the puppet are monitored. Descriptive Methods Laboratory Observation: Observing subjects in artificially controlled environments Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome Many Hmong refugees who escaped the ravages of war in their homeland experienced great stress and guilt when they resettled in North America. This stress, combined with cultural beliefs about angry spirits, may have contributed to the Hmong sudden death syndrome, which eventually claimed more than 40 lives. Descriptive Methods Case Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Descriptive Methods Surveys and Polls: Methods of gathering information or data from persons in which they provide answers themselves. Conclusion from samples are drawn using scientific method. Population Unrepresentative sample Representative sample Sampling procedure Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Sample of participants Experimental group (noise condition) Control group (no-noise condition) Measure amount of learning Scientifically compare performance of the two groups The logic of designing an experiment. The experimenter manipulates the amount of noise to which participants are exposed, measures their learning, and attempts to treat them equally in every other way. This creates an experiment group and a control group. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies Experimental Method

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Scientific Method: 5 steps Perceiving a Question1 Forming a Hypothesis2 Testing the Hypothesis3 Drawing Conclusions4 Reporting Results5 Introductory Psychology Concepts : Scientific Method

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Self ReportPsychologicalBehavioral Descriptive Methods Methods of Observing Behavior Introductory Psychology Concepts : Scientific Method

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Self ReportPsychologicalBehavioral Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods Descriptive Methods Methods of Observing Behavior

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Researcher Jane Goodall uses naturalistic observation to study the behavior of wild chimpanzees. Descriptive Methods Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in natural environments Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc In this experiment, preschoolers’ reactions to the puppet are monitored. Descriptive Methods Laboratory Observation: Observing subjects in artificially controlled environments Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome Many Hmong refugees who escaped the ravages of war in their homeland experienced great stress and guilt when they resettled in North America. This stress, combined with cultural beliefs about angry spirits, may have contributed to the Hmong sudden death syndrome, which eventually claimed more than 40 lives. Descriptive Methods Case Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Descriptive Methods Surveys and Polls: Method of gathering information or data from persons where they provide the answers themselves. Conclusion are drawn using scientific method. Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods Population Unrepresentative sample Representative sample Sampling procedure