STATION 1

ELEMENTS  Simplest form of matter.  Cannot be broken down by chemical means any further.  Each element is identified by the number of protons in its atomic nucleus (known as the atomic number on the Periodic Table)  Examples:  Carbon – has 6 protons  Nitrogen – has 7 protons

COMPOUNDS  Consists of two or more atoms chemically combines (in simple whole number ratios).  Composition is consistent throughout.  Two main types of compounds: Ionic and Molecular  Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride – table salt)  Example: H 2 O (Water)

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE  A mixture of substances that is consistent throughout…Only one phase is visible.  Substances dissolved in water are called aqueous solutions.  A mixture of metals are called alloys.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE  A mixture of substances in which two or more distinct phases are visible.  Examples: Italian salad dressing.

STATION 2

SANDSTONE  Basically, a sedimentary rock compound of sand-sized minerals. There is no orderly arrangement to these particles, so, you see no discrete, geometric facets on the stone.  The arrangement of the particles is said to be amorphous, Glass (SiO 2 ) is another example of an amorphous solid.

GALENA  An ore that consists almost entirely of lead sulfide, PbS.  The shape of its crystalline solid is due to an orderly arrangement of the atoms within.  Just like the model of NaCl… why is salt in this form of cubes? Its atoms are arranged that way….

NaCl CRYSTALLINE LATTICE  Table salt, NaCl, forms cubic crystals. Their models helps to show you why it forms cubes as its sodium (white) and chloride (red) ions bond in an orderly, cubic fashion.  The outward shape does give insight into how the atoms are arranged.

STATION 3

STATION 4

CRYSTALLIZATION  Many salts have a higher solubility in warm water than cold. One way to obtain the salt from a solution is to simply cool it off (which lowers its solubility).  The water no longer has the same capacity, so the salt crystallizes “out” of solution.

CHROMATOGRAPHY  As water absorbs up the paper, it dissolves the ink.  The black ink is a mixture of color. Some color molecules have a stronger attraction to paper than others  So those colors don’t move up the paper as much resulting in separation of the colors.

DISTILLATION  Takes advantage of different boiling points of substances mixed together.  When salt water boils, only the water escapes (boils off).  This steam is then condensed and captured, leaving the salt (NaCl) behind.

FILTRATION  Process used to separate solids from fluids by interposing a medium (filter paper) through which only the fluid can pass.  Example: Coffee Filters – water passes through the coffee filter with any coffee that completely dissolved in water but retains all of the coffee grinds (solids) that are not dissolved.

STATION 5

CHEMICAL PROPERTY  The ability or inability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances  Examples: Rusting, color change, bubbling, temperature change when combining two or more substances.

PHYSICAL PROPERTY  Characteristic of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s composition.  Examples : density, color, odor, hardness, melting point, boiling point.

STATION 6