Revolutionary Identity Revolutions create the legitimacy of the new regime both by creating a new regime but also by shaping the development of the institutions that are designed to fulfill the revolution—the main criterion for legitimacy is whether or not the regime is living up to the revolution. Central to that task is the creation of a new identity for the citizens of the society. Much of America's political development has centered around this question: after the Revolution resolved that the basis of power would rest with “the people,” defining this term became the central battle.

The preparation of a revolution is not the work of revolutionaries. That is the work of exploiters, capitalists, landowners, priests, police,officials, liberals, progressives and the like. Revolutionaries do not prepare, they make a revolution. Petr Tkachev, Russian revolutionary writer, 1876

American Revolution achieved long before 1776 Reason for its success  Compare French (changes post-Revolution), Russian (receding), Chinese (post-Deng), Iran (fulfilling Mossadeq?), Mexican (post-PRI)‏  Nigeria: relevance of no revolution (independence “given” by British)? See: Jon Stewart

Britain Stereotypes: Political stability: no revolution in modern era Political evolution: adaptation institutions to new needs Another view: Imperial overreach and domestic change (economic, cultural)--> collapse of ancien regime and fitful creation modern capitalist democracy  Exactly like France and Russia (and Iran and China?)‏

Paid for in blood Charles I's imperial ambitions (Thirty Years War)--> need for money  Parliament primarily tax collecting gentry; worried about crypto-Catholicism (see: Spain, Inquisition)‏ 1627: Petition of Right (renewing Magna Carta): Charles “looks into abuses”‏ : Personal Rule/Eleven Years Tyranny— Charles + William Laud  Problems: High-Anglicanism (+ Puritans; more later); Scottish rebellion

1 st Civil War 1640: Short Parliament (want guarantees, C refuses)--> Scots invade--> Long Parliament Parliament convene every 3 years; No taxes w/o P; P controls King's ministers; King can't dissolve w/o consent  Protestation: swear allegiance 1642: Irish Catholics rise up + failed attempt arrest Mps--> C flees--> Royalists/Cavaliers vs. Parliamentarians/Roundheads New Model Army (T. Cromwell): 1645 crush C's armies

2 nd + 3 rd Civil Wars C regroups (w/ help Scots), rd Civil War: Ireland, Scotland, England  Brutal: all 3--> 90,000 deaths in England, 3.7 percent of the population, a higher proportion than in either World War I or World War II; 60,000 in Scotland, 6 percent of the population; and 660,000 in Ireland, 41 percent of the population. (These figures include deaths from disease and starvation as well as battle casualties.)‏

Commonwealth and Protectorate Dec 1648: P debates King's return--> Pride's Purge--> Rump Parliament--> High Court to try Charles for Treason--> beheaded (30 January 1649)--> Commonwealth of England Rump conservative; Army radical: pushed religious tolerance --> Barebones Parliament: split Radical, Moderate, Conservative--> Cromwell dissolves- -> Protectorate ( )--> Cromwell dies--> disintegrates--> Restoration of Charles II (1661)‏

Outcomes Structural Parliamentary monarchy: future kings avoid pushing P too hard 1688: Glorious Revolution; Bill of Rights 1701: Act of Settlement (succession)‏ Acts of Union 1707: Great Britain (E+S); 1801: United Kingdom (E+S+I)‏ Political parties: Tories and Whigs

Cultural Whig myth of English liberties Vicious anti-Catholicism (and Bloody Mary and Guy Fawkes) + Anglican fundamentalism (Henry VIII and Sir Thomas More; Laud cut off ears)--> religious tolerance Divine Right Monarchy (Tudor myth and James I's “little Gods on Earth”)--> myth of Magna Carta, parliamentary monarchy, contract theory, Princess Di

Whig History “Everything that flowed from the Whig victory of limited government, the Bank of England, tradable national debt, triennial Parliaments, mercantilism, free enterprise, an aggressively anti- French foreign policy, the union with Scotland, eventually the Hanoverian Succession and the Industrial Revolution--combined to make the English-speaking peoples powerful. Mr. Barone proves beyond doubt how much the Glorious Revolution inspired the Founding Fathers to launch their own, with Virginia gentlemen farmers seeing themselves as the heirs of England's revolutionary aristocrats. The 1689 Bill of Rights in Britain thus unquestionably paved the way to the American Bill of Rights of To comprehend how America's birth pangs came about--and why its title deeds were drawn up in the way they were--it is therefore crucial to understand the ideals and passions of The very best introduction is this well-researched, well-written, thought-provoking book.” Andrew Roberts, review “Our First Revolution,” in Wall Street Journal, 29 May 2007

Short Course Russian Revolution : Russo-Japanese War 1905 Revolution--> empty Duma 1917: February: liberals + Provisional Gov't October: Bolsheviks (Mensheviks) : Russian Civil War: Reds vs. Whites  War Communism; Western interference  20,000,000 died (war, disease, famine)‏ 1924: Lenin dies; Stalin ousts Trotsky 5-year Plans; Collectivization; Great Purges and Gulag Archipelago (10-30 million)‏ 1953: Stalin dies; Khruschev 1956: “Secret Speech”