APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPA MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK TANZANIA JASON RUBENS & SYLVESTER KAZIMOTO WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2003 EVALUATING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MPAs

MPA GOALS & OBJECTIVES GOAL: to conserve the diversity, abundance and function of all physical and biological resources, in order that they may continue to be enjoyed and productively utilised by present and future generations. OBJECTIVES: 1. Protect biodiversity and ecosystem processes; 2. Promote sustainable resource use; 3. Ensure local residents are involved & share benefits 4. Develop under-utilised natural resources; 5. Promote community environmental awareness-raising 6. Facilitate research and monitoring of resources 7. Conserve historic monuments & ruins 8. Facilitate development of appropriate tourism.

WHY ASSESS MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MAFIA? 3. Fulfil accountability to: Tanzanian Govt Donors Local communities Fee-paying visitors 2. Strengthen MPA monitoring programme 1. Improve performance of the MPA

1Focal species abundance 3Composition & Structure of the community 8Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 10Area under reduced human use/ impacts 3Material style of life of households 5Household occupational structure 11Local use patterns 12Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources 14Community knowledge of natural history 15Understanding of human impacts on marine resources 16Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community 17Income distribution by source by household 2Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations 6Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation 8Amnt community training to participate in management 10Available resources & equipment for surveillance 12No. patrols per time period /no. infringements per patrol 14Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders 15Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc 18Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) NTrend in numbers of paying visitors MPA OBJECTIVES 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resource 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism

No. patrols per time period /no. infringements per patrol Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N MPA OBJECTIVES 1. CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resources 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism 1Focal species abundance 3Composition & Structure of the community 8Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 10

1 3 8Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 10Area under reduced human use/ impacts 3 5Household occupational structure 11Local use patterns Available resources & equipment for surveillance 12No. patrols per time period /no. infringements/ patrol/ 14 15Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc 18Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resources 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism

Material style of life of households 5Household occupational structure 11Local use patterns Income distribution by source by household 2Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations 6Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation 8Amnt community training to participate in management Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders 15Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc 18Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. COMMUNITY BENEFITS 4. Under-utilised resources 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch

Household occupational structure 11Local use patterns Income distribution by source by household Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16 18Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. UNDER-UTILISED RESOURCES 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch

Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources 14Community knowledge of natural history 15Understanding of human impacts on marine resources 16Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community 17 2Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resources 5. RAISE AWARENESS 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism

1Focal species abundance 3Composition & Structure of the community 8Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 10Area under reduced human use/ impacts 3Material style of life of households 5Household occupational structure 11Local use patterns 12Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources 14Community knowledge of natural history 15Understanding of human impacts on marine resources 16Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community 17Income distribution by source by household 2Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations 6Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation 8Amnt community training to participate in management 10Available resources & equipment for surveillance 12No. patrols per time period /no. infringements/ patrol/ 14Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders 15Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc 18Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) NTrend in numbers of paying visitors MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resources 5. Raise awareness 6. RESEARCH & MONITORING 7. Historic monuments 8.Facilitate tourism

N MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resources 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. HISTORIC MONUMENTS 8.Facilitate tourism

N MPA OBJECTIVES: 1. Conserve biodiversity 2. Sustainable resource use 3. Community participation 4. Under-utilised resources 5. Raise awareness 6. Research & monitoring 7. Historic monuments 8.FACILITATE TOURISM Trend in numbers of paying visitors

PersonnelNo. Effort (man/days) MPA managers 2150 Professional researchers 6150 Technicians (MPA / non-MPA) Volunteers 0- Village officers (paid) MPA support staff 5225 Local dive Instructors 215 mins /day PERSONNEL EFFORT

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status report 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Main Outputs 1.Benthic survey report 2.Reef fish report 3.Mangrove inventory 4.(Turtle status report) 5.(Dugong status report) 6.Household economics status 7.Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes 8.Fish catch data report 9.Fishing gear census 10.Fisheries activity in demarcated zone 11.MIMP - community interactions 12.Patrolling & enforcement report 13.Community training assessment 14.Resources & visitor numbers

Species with low natural abundance require very high sampling effort Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Many ‘focal species’ are not good measures of management effectiveness Species that range outside of the MPA (turtles, sharks). Species prone to impacts beyond control of MPA management (corals)

For representative sampling, be prepared to do a lot of replicates Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Tropical marine communities have very high spatial and temporal variability benthic survey fish communities mangroves socio-economic studies Essential to measure sensitivity of sampling techniques.

Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Develop local / internal capacity in sampling techniques Hiring external researchers costs a lot Park rangers and locals can do: benthic transects fish transects mangrove plots etc

Important that MPA staff routinely maintain disciplined & accurate reporting / record-keeping eg: Patrol reports Reports of village meetings Training reports Daily interaction records etc. Many things can’t be measured episodically Major Challenges & Lessons Learned

The MPA needs a permanent, dedicated monitoring officer Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Preferably MSc level Problem of multi-sectoral skills needed Officer now recruited for Mafia It took a lot of time to co-ordinate + indicator monitoring is continuous.

APPLYING RESULTS Data on state / trends of MPA goals Complementary guidelines / case studies on innovative solutions to management problems etc. ? Use results to start refining quantitative targets defining what constitutes success for given objectives. Adaptive management review Analysis of MPA management processes

WAS IT WORTH IT? ME assessment was extremely worthwhile Quantifying ‘state of play’ is highly valuable even when broad trends already recognised (Communities, MPA staff, Govt, donors) Especially human dimensions of MPA (participation, understanding, livelihoods)

THANKS TO: WCPA/ WWF MEI Core Team (Lani, John, Miguel, Gonzalo, Bob, Bud, Simon et al) IUCN WWF Colleagues at Mafia Island Marine Park