America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 10 A Democratic Revolution 1800–1844 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810 – 1828 A. The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of Parties 1. The Rise of Democracy -PA+VT franchise male taxpayers. MA men argue property requirements for voting are tyranny. State offers wider franchise. New states allow more men to vote. Politics attracts powerful entrepreneurs + speculators. 2. Parties Take Command Political machines emerge w/ specific interests. Martin Van Buren wants system based on party identity. Statewide machine in NY. Used Newspaper to promote policies. Created Spoils System.

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828 B. The Election of The Republican Party -broke into competing factions. 2. Andrew Jackson -War hero. Lawyer+slave owner. Plain solid republican. No absolute majority in election. Congeress chooses J. Q Adams.

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828 C. The Last Notable President: John Quincy Adams 1. The Fate of Adams’s Policies -Adams endorses Clay’s American System. 2. The Tariff Battle -Adams advocates high import tariffs on English cotton cloth. NE can dominate market. The Tariff of 1828 raised many duties. Angered southerners. Blamed Adams for increase in manufactures prices.

I. The Rise of Popular Politics, 1810–1828 D. “The Democracy” and the Election of “Democrats” -Van Buren ran Jackson’s campaign. Plan to appeal to both north and south. 2. Equal rights and popular rule -Fight for equality. Mass appeal. Some wealthy fear Jacksons popularity.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 A. Jackson’s Agenda: Rotation and Decentralization 1. “Kitchen Cabinet” -Small group of advisors that helped make policies. 2. Patronage -to instill loyalty + discipline. Admin officers rotate positions. Rewarded friends w/ jobs. Opposed gov intervention in economic development. Rejected transportation subsidies.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 B. The Tariff and Nullification 1. The Tariff of South opposed tariffs. SC black majority. Feared rebellion. 2. South Carolina and “nullification” -SC Ordinance of Nullification in Declared tariffs null/void. Threatened secession. John. C. Calhoun supports SC. Jackson disagrees. Threatens force. SC gives up.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 C. The Bank War 1. Jackson’s Bank Veto -Second Bank of US supposed to stabilize money supply. Opponents want state banks. Jackson vetoes calling bank subversive. People favor Jackson. 2. The Bank Destroyed -Taney appointed head of Treasury Department (1833). Withdrew fed money from bank, depositing it in state banks Jackson doesn’t renew banks charter.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 D. Indian Removal 1. Cherokee Resistance -White demand for land pushes natives west. Cherokee adopting white culture. Full blood Cherokee want to preserve culture. Jackson stops using fed troops to protect Cherokee in GA, AL, MI 2. The Removal Act and Its Aftermath -Challenged by evangelical Protestants, but passed. Cherokees challenge in supreme court (Worcester v Georgia 1832). Court sides with Cherokee. US gov signs Treaty of New Echota, and forced removal begins.

II. The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837 E. The Jacksonian Impact 1. The Taney Court -advocate of states rights and free enterprise. Mayor of NY v. Miln (1837) rules police can use power to inspect health of immigrants. 2. States Revise Their Constitutions -Democrats call to create new state constitutions. Embodied principles of classic liberalism/laissez faire. Limit govs role in economy.

A. The Whig Worldview 1. Calhoun’s Dissent -Whig Party (1834) oppose “kinglike” Jackson policies. Supported political candidates of wealth + ability. Not strong in South (support of high tariffs / social mobility). Calhoun argues North wage labor system contradicts Whig ideology. 2. Anti-Masons Become Whigs -temperance, equal opportunity, and evangelical morality. Van Buren runs against Whigs and wins contending less go is better. III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System

B. Labor Politics and the Depression of 1837– Workers form a political party Working Men’s Party. Convince PA to support tax-supported schools; weakness in statewide elections. By 1830 most joined Democratic Party. 2. Financial panic and economic depression -Panic of 1837 resulted from drop in money flowing from Britain to US bond prices fall in Europe. 9 states cant pay interest on bonds US in depression. Canal construction down 90% + wages fell. Unemployment 20% some sectors.

C. “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” 1. The Log Cabin Campaign -Public blames democrats esp. Van Buren who did nothing to stimulate economy. 2. Tyler Subverts the Whig Agenda -Harrison died of pneumonia after 1 month in office. Tyler supported Democrats more than Whigs. Similar economic plan to Jackson. Committed to slavery and states rights. III. Class, Culture, and the Second Party System