 Definition- the domination by one country of the political, cultural, or economic life of another country.

 Colonies- most expensive + most control (ex. India was a colony of Great Britain>  Protectorates- leave local rulers in place but tell them what to do ( ex. Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)  Spheres of Influence- an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges + least restrictive (ex. China)

 Other ideas: ◦ America opened trade with Japan ◦ Missionaries- Christianize the people of Africa and Asia ◦ Suez Canal-shortcut between Europe and Asia ◦ Industrial Revolution- created a new need for markets and raw materials ◦ Armed Conflicts- Boxer Rebellion + Opium War

 Imperialism- competition for the colonies  Militarism-European countries competed with one another to see which one could have the best army and navy  Alliances- Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Britain, and Russia)  Nationalism- people of the same ethnic background want a homeland  Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand-spark to start the war

 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand- spark that started the war  U.S. enters the war (1917)- unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman note  Russia exits the war (1917)- Russian Revolution

 Woodrow Wilson- President of the U.S. (Fourteen Points/League of Nations)  Kaiser Wilhelm II- leader of Germany

 Colonies participated in the war- Increased demands for independence (ex. India wanted independence from Great Britain)  End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires  Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social disruption  Treaty of Versailles- forced Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory+ pay reparations+ limited German military

 Peacekeeping organization established to prevent future wars  Failed organization- could not enforce its decisions  U.S. never joined League of Nations (isolated)- did not sign Treaty of Versailles

 France and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East  Divided Ottoman Empire into new countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine)  British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan and France controlled Syria and Lebanon

 Defeat in war with Japan in 1905  Landless peasantry  Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II (absolute monarchy)  Losing in World War I

 Led Russian Revolution  New Economic Policy- goal (improve Russia’s economy) – socialism (meant to be temporary)

 Five Year Plan- make Soviet Union a modern industrial power- command economy, production improved while standard of living remained poor  Collectivization of Farms- no more private ownership-government farms or collectives (work as a group)- did not improve farm output (grain production grew slightly while meat, vegetables, and fruits remained in short supply)  Secret Police+ Great Purge ( destroy enemies)