Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety Michael S. Lewis Director Aviation Safety Program Aviation Safety Program NASA Langley Research Center NASA/FAA/Industry Home & Home Visit Series Langley Research Center November 15-16, 1999

“We will achieve a national goal of reducing the fatal aircraft accident rate by 80% within 10 years.” President William J. Clinton, February 12, 1997 FINAL REPORT TO VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE, CHAIRMAN FEBRUARY 12, 1997 White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security PRESIDENT CLINTON

Regist Severity LocationAircraft TypeNumber (Fatalities) TUES MAY CLARKSTON, MI Cessna 150K N5876G Nonfatal FRISCO, TX Beech 76 N6701C Fatal (1) DAVIS, WV Beech A36 N72141 Fatal (4) CLEVELAND, OH Grumman G-44 N1AS Nonfatal HOLBROOK, AZ Beech A23-24 N6092N Nonfatal SEMMES, AL M2 SPORT 1000 NONE Fatal (2) WED MAY ISANTI, MN Cessna A185F N7140H Nonfatal GORMAN, CA Bellanca 7GCBC N11867 Fatal (1) VILLA RICA, GA Revolution MINI-500 N355RM Nonfatal THUR MAY MONTGOMERY, AL Beech BE-45-T-34B N9280Z Nonfatal WEST CHICAGO, IL Enstrom F28 N86238 Nonfatal DEWITT, AR Ayers SR2-T34 N393KW Nonfatal CLARKSBURG, CA Piper PA-22 N198TP Nonfatal TEMECULA, CA Bell 206B N90215 Nonfatal MCCALLA, AL Taylorcraft BC-12D N96750 Fatal (1) FRI MAY PALMER, AK Cessna 172 N9212H Fatal (2) LAGRANGE, WI Commander 114-B N6059C Fatal (4) ABILENE, TX Cessna 180 N4775B Nonfatal NTSB May 1998 General Aviation Accidents 4 Days in May = 18 GA Accidents (7 Fatal, 15 Fatalities) Aviation Safety Program

Langley Research Center (Lead) Ames Research Center Glenn Research Center Dryden Flight Research Center $500M $500M Close coordination with FAA & Industry NASA’s Aviation Safety Initiative

NASA Aviation Safety Initiatives Aviation Safety Program Office Focused Program Projects System-Wide Accident Prevention Tina Beard (ARC) System-Wide Accident Prevention Tina Beard (ARC) Single Aircraft Accident Prevention John White (LaRC) Single Aircraft Accident Prevention John White (LaRC)SyntheticVision Daniel Baize (LaRC)SyntheticVision (LaRC) Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling Yuri Gawdiak (ARC) Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling Yuri Gawdiak (ARC) Accident Mitigation Douglas Rohn (GRC) Accident Mitigation Douglas Rohn (GRC) Weather Accident Prevention Ronato Colantonio (GRC)Weather Accident Prevention Ronato Colantonio (GRC) 2.4 System Monitoring Data Sharing Data Analysis Human Error Modeling Maintenance Human Factors Training Health Management & Flt Crit Sys Design Control Upset Mgmt Engine Containment Wx Info Distribution & Presentation Weather Information Communication Turbulence Detection & Mitigation Systems Approach to Crashworthiness Fire Prevention Elements 2.2 Commercial & Business Aircraft GA & Rotorcraft Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies R&T Base Programs Information Technology Eugene Tu (ARC) Propulsion Frank Berkopec (GRC) Aerospace Vehicle Technologies Darrel Tenney (LaRC) Aviation Operations Systems Vic Lebacqz (ARC) Rotorcraft John Coy (ARC) Icing Fatigue Design Principles Training Human Error Information Integrity Data Sharing Engine Fail. Containment Rotorcraft Pilot Aiding SAFOR Aging Aircraft Crew Station Design and Integration Elements (R&T Base)

Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety (7 of them)

“Eliminate the #1 factor in fatal commercial and general aviation accidents” “Eliminate the #1 factor in fatal commercial and general aviation accidents” (and at the same time address the #1 cause of airport delays) Crew Distraction ATC Communications Crew/Automation Errors Inop Ground Equip Failure to follow procedure Visibility STRATEGY #1 STRATEGY #1

Digital Terrain Data Base Certified Operation Precision Navigation Flight Deck Displays

“Eliminate the #1 cause of non-fatal accidents and injuries” STRATEGY #2 STRATEGY #2

Space-based Detection Hazard Characterization Onboard Detection Nowcasts / Forecasts Turbulence Research Thrusts Time (min.) Lidar (lagged 9 sec) TAS

“Improve the single highest General Aviation safety risk factor” “Improve the single highest General Aviation safety risk factor” Weather Decision-making STRATEGY #3 STRATEGY #3

Text Printout of Convective SIGMET Cockpit Weather Presentation

Weather Information Products Weather Information Products

Weather Information Products AWIN Volcanic Ash Winds Turbulence Icing Ceiling & Visibility Lightning

Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) Accomplishments: Established data center Installed and tested multiple datalinks Developed pilot interface Installed and tested multiple data links between ground and aircraft Flight demonstrated complete end-to-end system on Cessna Citation Multiple products delivered to the flight deck: Turbulence Detection Weather Radar (US Only) Satellite Convective Forecast Convective Detection METARs Future Plans: Installation of WINN system in an airline transport aircraft flying normal revenue operations Air Carrier Cockpit Display of Weather Information (AOS) Aviation Safety Program

Initial operation capability Sun ‘n Fun 2000 One year capability Oshkosh AirVenture 2000 Full operation capability Oshkosh AirVenture 2002 Planned Coverage (5000’ AGL) Accomplishment: Uplink high resolution weather radar using compact low-cost ground stations Open standard digital protocol (VDL Mode 2) Selected by FAA to implement/provide national weather in the cockpit capability to general aviation beginning early ‘00 Future Plans: System will be expanded to 20 ground stations Three geographically diverse areas Tested in “real- world”conditions using 32 participating aircraft Aviation Weather Information (AWIN) General Aviation Cockpit Display of Weather Information Aviation Safety Program

Digital Radio Technology WorldSpace Receivers Low cost receivers Low cost bit rate Satellite broadcast Wide area coverage Ground up coverage Aviation Safety Program

“Look after the accident “Look after the accident chain’s most frequent link” The People STRATEGY #4 STRATEGY #4

Human Factors Research Thrusts Maintenance Human Factors Training Effectiveness Human/Automation Integration Human Error Modeling

“Prevent and/or Manage Aircraft System Failures” “Prevent and/or Manage Aircraft System Failures” Health Management STRATEGY #5 STRATEGY #5

Aircraft System Failure Prevention Health Management - Propulsion System - Airframe Structure - Flight Systems Flt Critical Sys Design - Design Correctness - Fault Tolerance - Functional Integrity VHF Data Link Prognostics to Flight Crew Fault & Failure Diagnostics to Ground Crew Satellite Link Fault & Failure Data to Manufacturer Fault & Failure Data to Control System

In-Flight Operation of Active Side-Stick/HUMS Sensors in UH-60 RASCAL Aircraft Advanced Robust Digital Sensors Full-time High-Bandwidth Component and System Monitoring On-Board Signal Processing Real-time fatigue monitoring and limit exceedance predictions Pilot Cueing to Reduce Workload Usage management Damage avoidance Maneuver envelope enhancement/safety Aviation Safety Program

“Quantifiably and continually assess aviation system operations” Narrative Data: Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), NAOMSNarrative Data: Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS), NAOMS Operational Data: Aviation Performance Measurement System (APMS)Operational Data: Aviation Performance Measurement System (APMS) System Data: Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS), Aviation System Monitoring & ModelingSystem Data: Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS), Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling STRATEGY #6 STRATEGY #6

Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring Example: Targeted Queries Search any portion of the database prescribed by the user for any pattern of flight parameters defined by the user.

LAX Departures to SFO,OAK,SJC,SMF Colored by Climb/Descent Rate Aviation Safety Program Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS) Example: Simple System Measures

LAX Arrivals – Colored by Runway Aviation Safety Program Example: Simple Local Airport Measures Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 5% (above FL200) May 6, 1999 Aviation Safety Program Example: Operational Efficiency Measures Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

SFO Arrival Tracks Colored By Closest Aircraft Less Than: 2nm and 3000ft 3nm and 3000ft 5nm and 2000ft 10nm and 1000ft Default Aviation Safety Program Example: Safety Measures Performance Data Analysis and Recording System (PDARS)

Proliferating SoftwareProliferating Software Digital SystemsDigital Systems Capacity GrowthCapacity Growth GA High FlyersGA High Flyers Aging AircraftAging Aircraft “Plan for the Future” “Plan for the Future” STRATEGY #7 STRATEGY #7

Summary

1) Make every flight the equivalent of clear-day operations 2)Accurately detect and provide sufficient alerts for severe turbulence 3)Bring real-time graphical weather into the cockpit 4)Improve the human/machine integration in design, operations, and maintenance 5)Track the long-term and real-time health of on- board systems 6)Continuously monitor and assess all the data from every flight for both known and unknown issues 7)Prepare for future issues Seven Technology Strategies for Aviation Safety

Breakout Sessions Weather –Jai Shin, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Glenn Research Center –Paul Stough, AWIN Element Manager Synthetic Vision –Dan Baize, Synthetic Vision Systems Project Manager Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling System Wide Accident Preventon –Brian Smith, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Ames Research Center Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Accident Mitigation –George Finelli, AvSP Deputy Program Manager, Langley Research Center –John White, Single Aircraft Accident Prevention Project Manager –Lisa Jones, Crashworthiness Element Manger Session #1 Session #2 Aviation Safety Program

Thank You

AvSP Organization Aviation Safety Program Office Michael Lewis, Director George Finelli, Deputy Director Connie Smith, Secretary Brian Smith, Dep Prog Mgr (ARC) Frank Jones, Asst Tech Mgmt Jaiwon Shin, Dep Prog Mgr (GRC)Glenn Bond, Senior Prog Analyst Aviation Safety Program Office Michael Lewis, Director George Finelli, Deputy Director Connie Smith, Secretary Brian Smith, Dep Prog Mgr (ARC) Frank Jones, Asst Tech Mgmt Jaiwon Shin, Dep Prog Mgr (GRC)Glenn Bond, Senior Prog Analyst Technical Integration Vincent Schultz (LaRC) Technical Integration Vincent Schultz (LaRC) Program Projects System-Wide Accident Prevention Tina Beard (ARC) System-Wide Accident Prevention Tina Beard (ARC) Single Aircraft Accident Prevention John White (LaRC) Single Aircraft Accident Prevention John White (LaRC)SyntheticVision Daniel Baize (LaRC)SyntheticVision (LaRC) Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling Yuri Gawdiak (ARC) Aviation System Monitoring & Modeling Yuri Gawdiak (ARC) Accident Mitigation Douglas Rohn (GRC) Accident Mitigation Douglas Rohn (GRC) Program Integration Michael Basehore (FAA) Carrie Walker (Hq) Michael Durham (LaRC) Program Integration Michael Basehore (FAA) Carrie Walker (Hq) Michael Durham (LaRC) 1.2 Weather Accident Prevention Ronato Colantonio (GRC)Weather Accident Prevention Ronato Colantonio (GRC) 2.4 System Monitoring Data Sharing Data Analysis Human Error Modeling Maintenance Human Factors Training Health Management & Flt Crit Sys Design Control Upset Mgmt Engine Containment Wx Info Distribution & Presentation Weather Information Communication Turbulence Detection & Mitigation Systems Approach to Crashworthiness Fire Prevention Elements 2.2 Commercial & Business Aircraft GA & Rotorcraft Enhanced Vision Sensors and Enabling Technologies Aviation Safety Program

Floor-Level Acceleration Pulse Crash SequencePost-Crash Photo Full-scale crash test of Sikorsky Advance Composite Airframe Program (ACAP) helicopter at NASA-LaRC Impact Dynamics Research Facility Addressed issues with composite materials, landing gear, energy-absorbing subfloor and seating Test to provide data for validation of computer crash simulation.

FAR Part 121 Scheduled - Non-Fatal Accident Category Tall Poles:

Deviation From Direct-to-Distance > 20% (5000-FL200) May 6, 1999

Selected LAX Departures Colored by Destination

Example: Standard assessments of key events Vertical Speed (ft/min) % flights CAS (kt) % flights Height above Runway (ft) % flights Pitch Angle (degrees) % flights Aviation Operational Performance Monitoring At Gear Retraction