© T. M. Whitmore Today Migration continued

© T. M. Whitmore Questions? Urban problems in LA Urban economic systems in LA

© T. M. Whitmore Migration-the 3 rd part of demography Definitions of migration  More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life  Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence

© T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types 1 st type: International within Latin America 2 nd type: International to and from Latin America 3 rd type rural => rural migration 4 th type rural => urban migration

© T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US N limits of Mexico Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s Post-Mexican war in 1880s 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US 1920s immigration laws change Anti-immigration hysteria => violence & expulsion of Mexicans 1920s-30s

© T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II 1940s -1960s => Bracero program 1980s and beyond  Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s  Issue of remittances Spatial patterns of migration Spatial

© T. M. Whitmore Remittances – a major consequence of migration People move North by the millions, and money moves South by the billions People move North by the millions Remittances are monies sent by workers in the US to their Latin American (and other) homes. Remittances are a result of underemployed or unemployed in LA seeking jobs in USA underemployed jobs

© T. M. Whitmore Remittances II About 17 million Latin American origin residents living in the United States  Send about $45 billion to their families on a yearly basis.  Each transfer transaction averages approximately $300  60% of senders are “working poor” in USA;  > 50% of senders <35 years old (but still significant sending by older and more settled immigrants)

© T. M. Whitmore Spending Remittances Vast majority spent on household expenses expenses But 1/3 invest in housing, businesses, & real estate

© T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance Flows For 2006= ~ $ 45 billion from US (up 50% in past few yrs)  ~$60b if Europe etc. included thus, US is source of ~75% of total flows Exceeded the combined flows of all Foreign Direct Investment and net Official Development Assistance to the Region LA is now the fastest growing and highest volume remittance market in the world  > 150 million transfers annually to over 20 million recipients

© T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance Flows II Flows substantially exceed tourism income to each country Account for at least 10% of GDP in  Haiti, Jamaica, & the Dominican Republic  Nicaragua & El Salvador  Guyana Almost always exceeds the income from the largest export in receiving country

© T. M. Whitmore Scale of remittance Flows III Remittances to Mexico  Greater than the country's total tourism income  Greater than two-thirds of the value of petroleum exports  About equal to 180% of the country's agricultural exports. The earnings of Salvadorans residing in the United States  Greater than entire GDP of the country.

© T. M. Whitmore Remittance Origins in US Top US sending states: all over $1 b annually (total ~ $34b of the $45b total) Top US sending states  CA - $13.2b  TX - $5.2b  NY - $3.7b  IL - $2.6b  GA - $1.7b  AZ - $1.3b  NC - $1.2b  VA - $1.1b

© T. M. Whitmore Remittance destinations in LA Over $1 billion annually = Over $1 billion annually  Mexico – $20b  Brazil  Colombia  Guatemala  El Salvador  DR  Peru  Ecuador  Honduras  Jamaica  Haiti - 1.0

© T. M. Whitmore Destination recipients All with more than 10% of adults receiving remittances receiving  Ecuador 14%  El Salvador 28%  Honduras 16%  Guatemala 24%  Mexico: 18%

© T. M. Whitmore Destination recipients II Per capita annual remittances  Mexico: $190/capita  El Salvador ~$400/capita  Honduras: ~$240/capita  Guatemala: ~$200/capita  Dominican Republic: ~ $300/capita Done via intl money transfer companiesmoney transfer

Source: © IADB

Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

© Thomas Whitmore House built with remittances in rural Guatemala

© Thomas Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore Quiroga, Mexico

Source: © IADB

© Thomas Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore Rural => Rural migration From densely settled highlands to sparsely settled lowlands  Andean to Amazonia Andean  Andean to coast  Central American Central From densely settled NE Brazil and S cities to Amazonia From

© T. M. Whitmore Rural => Rural migration II Causes (example of Guatemala)  Demographic  Political  Economic  ecological Also temporary r -> r “circulation”

Amazonia

© T. M. Whitmore 4th type: rural => urban migration What is it?  rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence Why migrate?  “Push” and “Pull” forces  economic welfare  social welfare  other factors

© T. M. Whitmore Why migrate I? Economic (pushes & pulls)  Lack of land  Few non-farm opportunities  Little upward mobility  Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity

© T. M. Whitmore Why migrate II? Social (pushes & pulls)  Education  Health care access

© T. M. Whitmore Why migrate III? Other (pushes & pulls)  Environmental  Violence  Individual factors  Family strategy

© T. M. Whitmore Who migrates? Age Gender Marital status Education level Personal Ethnicity

© T. M. Whitmore How do migrants move? Migration patterns  Role of information  Role of social networks  Step vs direct migration  Fill-in migration  Role of distance