1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation  Rural to urban migration Social Geographies  Wealth  Social development indicators

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Día de los muertos Migration – the 3 rd part of the population equation  International to/from LA  USA-LA migration  Remittances

3. © T. M. Whitmore Migration: rural => rural From densely settled highlands to sparsely settled lowlands  Andean to Amazonia Andean  Andean to coast  Central American Central From densely settled NE Brazil and S cities to Amazonia From Also temporary r -> r circulation Myriad of interacting factors “driving” migrationfactors

5. Amazonia

7. © David Carr

8. Sugar mill in S coastal Guatemala

10. © T. M. Whitmore 4th type: rural => urban migration What is it?  Rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence Why migrate?  “Push” and “Pull” forces  Economic welfare Economic  Social welfare Social  Other factors Other

11. © T. M. Whitmore Economic pushes & pulls Lack of land Few non-farm opportunities Little upward mobility Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity New jobs have less autonomy Strategy of family income diversification

12. © T. M. Whitmore Social (pushes & pulls) Education Health care access

13. © T. M. Whitmore Other (pushes & pulls) Environmental Violence Individual factors

14. © T. M. Whitmore Who migrates? Age Gender Marital status Education level Personal Ethnicity

15. © T. M. Whitmore How do migrants move? Migration patterns  Role of information  Role of social networks  Role of “steps”  Role of distance and costs

16. © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth Average wealth in GDP (in PPP)/capita World ~ $9,940  Lesser developed ~ $4,760-5,480 USA ~ $44,260

17. © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth II LA ~ $8,630 Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000) Extremes  Low  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala  Jamaica, Haiti (<$1,500!)  Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay  > LA average GDP/capita (> $8,500)  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay

18. © T. M. Whitmore Percent population living on <$2/day World average > 50% Latin American average ~ 24%  Countries with > 30%  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,  Jamaica, Haiti,  Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay  Countries with fewer than LA average  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile

19. GDP/capita

20. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution I USA  Richest 20% have 40% of all income  Poorest 20% have 5%  65% in middle class GINI coefficients GINI  USA ~ 41  Mexico ~46  Bolivia ~60  Brazil ~56  Guatemala ~60

21. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution II Latin America  Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income  Poorest 20% have 2-5%  30% in the middle  Countries with top 20% with more than 50% of all income  Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela Changing over time Changing Varies within countries Varies

27. © T. M. Whitmore Social development indicators The Human Development Index Safe water access Population to hospital bed ratio % of children < age 5 underweight Overall worst levels of human development  Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru  El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua  Dominican Republic; Haiti