1. © T. M. Whitmore Today Problems with urban growth (partial review) The urban economy Migration

2. © T. M. Whitmore Questions? Demography  Review mortality & fertility  Age structure Population distributions Urban systems in Latin America

3. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth I Housing  First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums  Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite  Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition Some planned attempts to deal with thisplanned New trends

4. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth II Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Export of problems Poverty generally Employment not always good

5. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth III Self-help (often squatter) housing  Many names: Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.  2 nd destination of R migrant  Seen as places of permanence  25-40% of total pop in some cities  Initially settlements lack infrastructure  A main characteristic is improvement

6. Mexico City country club

7. Mexican stock exchange

8. © T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo

9. © T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico

10. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez

11. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

12. Planned new housing area in Mexico City

13. Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City

14. Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

15. Squatter housing in Mexico City

16. Mexico City inner city

17. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima

18. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

19. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

20. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

21. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

22. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

23. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima

24. © T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

25. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo

26. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

27. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

28. 300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, Mexico Entire complex has > 10,000!

29. Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish

30. Mexico City on a rare clear day

31. More typical Mexico City day

32. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

33. © T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo

34. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

35. © T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City

36. © T. M. Whitmore The urban economy Dual system Dual  Formal Formal  corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses  Minority of jobs?  Informal Informal  services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.  Majority of jobs?

37. © T. M. Whitmore

38. Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

39. © T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo

40. Informal sector economy

41. © T. M. Whitmore

44. Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

46. Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers

47. © T. M. Whitmore Migration-the 3 rd part of demography Definitions of migration  More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life  Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence

48. © T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types 1 st type: International within Latin America 2 nd type: International to and from Latin America 3 rd type rural => rural migration 4 th type rural => urban migration

49. © T. M. Whitmore International migration within Latin America Mostly labor circulation flows Industrial and urban destinations Rural origin to urban destination

50. © T. M. Whitmore International to and from Latin America Colonial immigrations  10s of thousands of Iberians  Forced migration of ~10 m AfricansAfricans 19th century immigrations  Europeans to S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica Contemporary emigrations  (e.g., Caribbean, Ecuador, to el Norte)CaribbeanEcuadorel Norte

52. © T. M. Whitmore

55. Example of International migration: Mexicans to US N limits of Mexico Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s Post-Mexican war in 1880s 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US

56. © T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II 1940s -1960s => Bracero program 1980s and beyond  Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s  Issue of remittances Spatial patterns of migration Spatial