Struggles of the Republic China in Revolution Struggles of the Republic

Chinese Revolution of 1911 Qing Dynasty collapsed and China declared itself a republic, ending imperial rule Dr. Sun Yat-sen led the movement to start a new government to replace the Qing Founding Principles: Nationalism Democracy Livelihood

Dr. Sun Yat-sen Returns from the United States to become the leader of the Nationalist Party (1911) Briefly becomes president of the new republic Established 3 main Principals for National Reconstruction “Three Principles of the People” Nationalism Democracy Livelihood

“Three Principles of the People” Group Work Read your assigned section and answer the questions Nationalism Democracy Livelihood Share with your group members who worked on different sections to complete all questions

Summary Principle of Nationalism Make China a unified nation and end foreign domination Principle of Nationalism Establish a representative government Principle of Democracy Ensure a decent living for all Chinese by establishing economic stability Principle of Livelihood

Years of Turmoil 1925 – Sun Yatsen dies Chiang takes over as leader of nationalist party (Kuomintang – KMT) Appoints Chiang Kai-shek to command Nationalist army Sun Yatsen continues to rally support for his nationalist movement Warlords and regional leaders begin to battle for power 1912 - General Yuan Shikai forces Sun Yatsen to step down as president

Challenges to Nationalist Authority 1. Family ties are stronger than nationalist ties 2. No experience with representative government 3. Badly depressed economy 4. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1927 – Chiang expelled them from the party and killed many

The Emergence of Mao Zedong Became the leader of the Communist party in the 1920s Early Beliefs Communist success depended on the support of peasants Peasants should be treated fairly Mao Zedong

Nationalists and Communists Which political ideas were the people going to listen to? Who had the right to rule? Nationalists vs. Communists

The Long March - 1934 90,000 Chinese began 7,000 Chinese finished Feeling threatened, Chiang launched a massive campaign against the Communist army Outnumbered, Communists begin to flee Result: The communist party is left strengthened in spirit and the will prevail against the nationalists

The Long March - 1934

The Long March - 1934 Traveled 6,000 miles from Southeast China to Northwest Province of Shaanxi

Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945) In 1937, Japan attacks and captures China’s capital city at the time, Nanjing. Massacre of Nanjing (Rape of Nanjing)

Temporary Cooperation Communist Party (Mao Zedong) and Nationalist Party (Chaing Kai-Shek) work together 1. To rid China of European Imperialists (“Foreign Devils”) 2. To fight back against invasions by Japan (1937-1945)  Once Japan surrenders to the Allied Powers at the end of WWII this alliance ends CCP was strategically placing themselves in position to work along side the Nationalist Party Gain power from within

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanjing December 9, 1937

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanjing December 9, 1937

Japanese Invasions

Japanese Bayonet Practice

Public beheadings of Chinese criminals and than displayed to the public

Outcome Japan is defeated in WWII 1945 Communists and Nationalists are cooperating, but keeping watch on each other 1945 Mao’s communist forces held most of northern China Nationalists retained southern China

Civil War (1946 – 1949) KMT: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) Chiang Kai-shek (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong

“War of Liberation”

Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants

People’s Republic of China 1/10/1949, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

Reasons for Mao’s Victory Won support of huge peasant population by promising land and food Won support of women by promising to reject traditional beliefs of Confucius Many people across the country blamed the Nationalists for allowing the “foreign devils” to dominate in China