OBJECTIVE: to learn how the New Deal affected various social and ethnic groups 23.3: The New Deal Affects Many Groups

NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN Frances Perkins (p ) First woman to be a cabinet member, as Sec. of Labor Why didn’t many men want women to be working during the Depression?

NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICAN-AMERICANS Mary McLeod Bethune (p ) First African-American member of a president’s administration, as head of Office of Minority Affairs Helped African American students gained employment in the NYA Helped organize a “Black Cabinet”

Mary McLeod Bethune In 1935 Mary McLeod Bethune (front center), became the first African American woman to hold a high-ranking government position, serving as the head of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration. Here, she is shown with the council of Negro Women, which she helped organize in 1935 to focus on the problems faced by African Americans at the national level. (New York Public Library, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture) Mary McLeod Bethune Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

DISAPPOINTMENTS ALSO… FDR did NOT help pass… a federal anti-lynching law or end the poll tax. Many New Deal programs discriminated against African Americans with lower wages, less relief, and segregation

MEXICAN AMERICANS  Received even less aid than African-Americans.  Many Mexican-American migrant farm workers were intentionally excluded because of their lack of a permanent address, UNLIKE white migrant farm workers.

NATIVE AMERICANS FDR appoints John Collier, who helps create the Indian Reorganization Act of Strengthened Native American land claims Restored tribal ownership of reservation lands HELPED TO REVERSE ASSIMILATION POLICES OF THE DAWES ACT.