1. THE NEW DEAL AMERICA GETS BACK TO WORK

2. Learning Objectives: Section 3 - The New Deal Affects Many Groups 1. Analyze the effects of the New Deal programs on women. 2. Describe Roosevelt’s attitude toward African Americans. 3. Identify the groups that formed the New Deal coalition.

3. NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped women gain higher political positions during the New Deal Eleanor was influential in her role as advisor to the president Frances Perkins became America’s first female cabinet member (Labor) Eleanor & Franklin

4. Women Make their Mark Frances Perkins, secretary of labor, is first female cabinet member FDR also appoints 2 women as diplomats, 1 as federal judge Women still face discrimination in workplace from male workers NRA sets some lower minimum wages for women Federal work programs hire far fewer women than men Only slight increase in overall % of women working for wages

5. GR: Women Appointees: Frances Perkins PROBLEMS: Discrimination in the workplace; discriminatory wages & hiring practices GAINS: Women appointed to important federal positions; slight increase in the number of women working outside the home

6. AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE NEW DEAL The 1930s witnessed a growth of activism for black Americans A. Philip Randolph became head of the nation’s first all-black union – the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

7. FDR appoints more than 100 African Americans to government - Mrs. Roosevelt plays key role Educator Mary McLeod Bethune heads Division of Negro Affairs of NYA Helps organize “Black Cabinet” of African-American advisers Daughters of American Revolution refuse Marian Anderson concert Mrs. Roosevelt resigns; arranges for Lincoln Memorial concert African Americans Take Leadership Roles

9. The President Fails to Support Civil Rights FDR afraid of upsetting white Southern Democratic voters Refuses to approve antilynching law, end to poll tax New Deal agencies discriminate against African Americans - pay them lower wages, favor whites African Americans help organize Southern Tenant Farmers Union Generally support Roosevelt administration, New Deal

10. AFRICAN AMERICANS GAIN POLITICAL POSITIONS FDR appointed over 100 African Americans to positions within the government Mary McLeod Bethune headed the division of Negro Affairs of the NYA Despite these gains, FDR was never fully committed to Civil Rights Bethune

11. GR: African Americans Appointees: Mary McLead Bethume; William H. Haster; Robert C. Wagner PROBLEMS: Segregation; racial violence; racism; discrimination in all areas of life; poll taxes GAINS: increased political voice through greater access to the president; organizations created for tenant farmers

13. Mexican Americans Under FDR Mexican Americans generally support New Deal Many come to U.S. in 1920s, settle mainly in Southwest - work on farms CCC, WPA help some Mexican Americans Disqualify migrant workers with no permanent address

14. Arkansas Tenant Farmers,1936

15. Native Americans and the New Deal 1924, Native Americans receive full citizenship John Collier, commissioner of Indian affairs, changes policies Indian Reorganization Act favors native autonomy, mandates changes: - lands belong to entire tribe; government can’t sell unclaimed areas - children can attend schools on reservations - tribes elect tribal councils to govern reservations

16. NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE GAINS Native Americans made advances during the 1920s & 1930s Full citizenship granted in 1924 The Reorganization Act of 1934 gave Natives more ownership of reservations Policy was moving away from assimilation towards autonomy

17. Current locations of Native American reservations

18. IMPROVING LABOR RELATIONS In the Second New Deal FDR helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) This legislation protected workers, ensured collective bargaining, and preserved the right to unionize The NLRA was also called the Wagner Act

19. The New Deal Coalition New Deal Coalition—different groups that support Democratic Party

20. CONGRESS PROTECTS WORKERS In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act which set maximum hours at 44 per week and minimum wage at 25 cents per hour

21. Labor Unions Flourish Pro-labor legislation leads unions to donate money for FDR reelection 1933–1941, union membership grows from 3 million to over 10 million American Federation of Labor traditionally craft unions only Committee for Industrial Organization organizes industrial unions Expelled by AFL, becomes Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

22. GR: Labor Unions Appointees: Congress of Industrial Organization PROBLEMS: Strike violence; big business opposition to labor unions GAINS: Better working conditions; increased bargaining powder; dramatic increased in union membership

25. GR: Other Coalition Groups New Deal labor laws and work-relief programs aided many of them; Roosevelt made direct and persuasive appeals to them; Roosevelt appointed many officials of urban-immigrant backgrounds

26. FDR Wins in 1936 Political organizations in large Northern cities support FDR Urban, religious, ethnic groups also support FDR - FDR appoints officials of urban- immigrant background

27. Chapter 15: Section 3 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – Why was the “Black Cabinet” important to the Roosevelt administration? –It gave FDR valuable advice on racial issues and provided African Americans with a voice, for the first time at the highest levels of govt.

28. B – Evaluate the actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on civil rights. –FDR was not committed to full civil rights for African Americans. –He did not support a federal antilynching law and an end to poll taxes. –African Americans families benefited from work relief, but some New Deal programs discriminated against African Americans/

29. C – Why was life difficult for farm laborers during the Depression? –Farm laborers were essentially unprotected by the state and federal laws.

30. D – What changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal? –The Indian reorganization Act turned Native American lands over to individual tribes, and allowed children to attend schools on the reservations and tribes to elect tribal councils to govern their reservations.

31. E – How did New Deal policies affect organized labor? –New Deal labor laws gave union’s greater power to organize and negotiate with employers. –As a result, unions grew in size and joined with other groups in New Deal coalition