2.3 Carbon compounds

Compounds can be classified into two categories. 1.Inorganic Compounds – Compounds with NO Carbon element in it. 2. Organic Compounds – Compounds with Carbon elements in it.. (This includes all living animals & Plants)

In the body, living cells are so large they are made up of giant molecules called “Macromolecules.” These macromolecules are made up of smaller large segments called Polymers.

Polymers are chains of even smaller molecules called “Monomers.”

The “Monomers” join together to form a “Polymer” by a process called “Polymerization” Polymerization – process in which monomers are joined together to make large Polymers.

Macromolecules (giant) Polymers (med) Monomers (small) Dehydration Lose a water molecule Hydration Gain a water molecule

In Dehydration you have two biomolecules that want to join together. The way they join together is to lose a molecule of water.

OH + O H HCH 2 OH Glucose Fructose H2OH2O

So the two biomolecules are now joined by the Oxygen molecule left behind by Dehydration. This occurs for all of the Biomolecules.

The reverse happens when you want to break large biomolecules to smaller monomers. H2OH2O “Hydrolysis” or “Hydration”

There are 4 types of these Organic Carbon Macromolecules Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Let’s start with Carbohydrates.

1.Carbohydrates ONLY! 1.Carbohydrates – are organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen ONLY! They are in a 1 : 2 : 1 Ratio (CH 2 O)n CHO C H H O

The key to Carbohydrates is that they are normally in a “Carbon ring” structure. Let’s look at the most common example of a Monosaccharide sugar called “Glucose” C 6 H 12 O 6

The Carbons in Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )first start out to form a Hexagon (6 sided) “Carbon Ring” joined together by an Oxygen element O C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 DRAW THIS ON YOUR PAPER!!! Count So Far: 5 Carbon 0 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen Note: Oxygen has used up it’s 2 binding sites

O C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 Now let’s add on to the #1 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...) H OH Count So Far: 5 Carbon 2 Hydrogen 2 Oxygen

Now let’s add on to the #2 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...) O C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 H OH H Count So Far: 5 Carbon 4 Hydrogen 3 Oxygen

Now let’s add on to the #3 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...) OH H Count So Far: 5 Carbon 6 Hydrogen 4 Oxygen O C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 H OH H

Now let’s add on to the #4 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...) Count So Far: 5 Carbon 8 Hydrogen 5 Oxygen OH H O C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 H H H

Now let’s add on to the #5 Carbon… (only 2 bonding sites so far are filled...) Count So Far: 6 Carbon 9 Hydrogen 5 Oxygen OH H O C 5 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 H H H H H H Count So Far: 6 Carbon 12 Hydrogen 6 Oxygen C 6

Let’s look at another way we draw Glucose… Count the number of Carbon Molecules Every bent corner represents a Carbon molecule.

Carbohydrate – C 6 H 12 O 6 Can Actually have different Physical shapes even though the chemical formula is the same! This is called an ISOMER Galactose

Fructose

Galactose Difference from Glucose

Carbohydrates are sugars. So a low carb. diet means “low sugar” diet. A (monomer) single sugar particle called “Monosaccharide” If you put two monosaccharides together you get a (polymer) called a “Disaccharide”

There are 3 types of Carbohydrate sugars: 1.Monosaccharides – 1 Carbohydrate 2. Disaccharides – 2 Carbohydrates together 3. Polysaccharides – 3 or more together. (Glucose, Fructose, Galactose) Sucrose (table sugar) Carbohydrates means “many”

There are 3 Types of Carbohydrate Polysaccharides! Or Macromolecules (giant) (They are usually stored in the organism) 1.Starch – made by Plants (EX: potato, yams, etc.) 2.Glycogen – made by Animals (EX: your liver) 3.Cellulose– made by specialized Plants (EX: celery)

Plants store the polysaccharide Starch. The cereal grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, ) as well as tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch. Our bodies can eat and digest starch STARCH

GLYCOGEN Animals store the polysaccharide glycogen. The liver and skeletal muscle groups are where we store the excess sugar. Since Carbohydrates give us energy, then if you need more, you get it from these storage areas.

CELLULOSE O It is the major material of plant cell walls. It is the wood pulp in all wood, the stringy stuff in your celery, and cotton is almost pure cellulose.

Use your flow chart for this… CARBOHYDRATES Monomer: = Glucose, Fructose, Galactose = Monosaccharide Polymer: = Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose = Disaccharide Macromolecule: = Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen = Polysaccharide Function: = Energy for some, Cell Wall structural support for plants.